Editing Formula One car (section)

=== Engine and fuel ===
{{Main|Formula One engines}}

[[File:Cosworth_DFV_in_Tyrrell_008.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A [[Cosworth]] [[Cosworth DFV|DFV]] [[V8 engine]] fitted to a [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]], used from the late 1960s to early 1980s.]]

Since its inception, Formula One has used a number of different [[engine]] [[Formula One regulations|regulations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mclaren.com/racing/car/history-of-the-f1-engine/|title=McLaren Racing - History of the F1 engine|work=[[McLaren Racing]]|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318192041/https://www.mclaren.com/racing/car/history-of-the-f1-engine/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="E1">{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/engine_rule_changes_history.html|title=F1 Engine rule change through the years|work=Formula1 dictionary|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111173531/http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/engine_rule_changes_history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the early years, a [[front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout]] was used with a 4.5&nbsp;[[liter|L]] [[naturally aspirated]] or a 1.5&nbsp;L [[supercharged]] engine capable of an output power of up to {{cvt|425|hp|kW|disp=flip}}. Progressively the [[engine capacity]] and power were reduced, and was limited to 0.75&nbsp;L with compressor or 2.5&nbsp;L without one during the late 1950s. In 1961, the engine was [[mid-engine design|positioned behind the driver]] and the capacity was regulated to 1300&ndash;1500 cc with a power output of 150&ndash;225 hp without supercharging. In 1966, FIA increased engine capacity and allowed up to 3.0&nbsp;L atmospheric with a power range of {{cvt|390-500|hp|kW|disp=flip}} or 1.5&nbsp;L supercharged with a power range of {{cvt|500-900|hp|kW|disp=flip}}. While the basic structure and configuration of a Formula One remained same since the late 1960s, the power output of the engines increased progressively to {{cvt|1400|hp|kW|disp=flip}} at 12000 [[rpm]] in 1986. In 1987-88, [[turbocharged]] eight-cylinder engines were introduced alongside atmospheric engines with fuel caps for races introduced for turbocharged engines. Turbocharges were banned from [[1989 Formula One season|1989]] with 3.0&nbsp;L engines becoming the norm in the 1990s and led to the introduction of [[V10 engine|V10]] and [[V12 engine]]s.<ref name="E1"/><ref name="E2">{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/engine.html|title=Formula 1 Engine|work=Formula1 dictionary|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035405/http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/engine.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:BMW M12-13 BMW-Museum.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|left|A four-cylinder 1.5&nbsp;L [[turbocharged|turbo]] [[BMW]] engine from the 1980s.]]

The teams started constructing engine components using advanced metal alloys such as [[titanium]] and [[beryllium]], which reduced weight and improved the efficiency and durability. FIA outlawed the use of these towards the late 1990s with only [[iron]] and [[aluminum]] permitted. The introduction of [[pneumatic valve springs]] in the same period allowed the engines to reach up to 20,000 rpm.<ref name="E2"/> For a decade, the F1 cars had run with 3.0&nbsp;L naturally aspirated V10 engines producing {{cvt|980-1000|hp|kW|disp=flip}} of power with top speeds of up to {{cvt|375|kph}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Villeneuve: A peak of 375 km/h|url=https://www.auto123.com/fr/course-automobile/bvilleneuve-une-pointe-de-375kmh-la-semaine-derniereb?artid=48003|url-status=live|access-date=20 January 2022|work=Auto123|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422204333/https://www.auto123.com/fr/course-automobile/bvilleneuve-une-pointe-de-375kmh-la-semaine-derniereb?artid=48003}}</ref> Though the FIA continually enforced material and design restrictions to limit power, the V10s in the [[2005 Formula One World Championship|2005 season]] were reported to develop {{cvt|980|hp|kW|disp=flip}}, power levels not seen since the ban on turbocharged engines in 1989. Before the [[2006 Formula One season|2006 season]], FIA introduced a new engine formula, which mandated cars to be powered by 2.4 liter naturally aspirated [[V8 engine]] configuration, with no more than four valves per cylinder and banned variable intake trumpets. For the [[2009 Formula One season|2009 season]], the engines were limited to 18,000 rpm to improve engine reliability and cut costs.<ref name="E1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/8699/fia.html|title=F1 2010 Technical Regulations – Engines and KERS|work=[[FIA]]|access-date=23 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100115010921/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/8699/fia.html|archive-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> In 2012, the engines consumed around {{cvt|450|L|cuft}} of air per second with a race fuel consumption rate of {{cvt|75|L/100km}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5280.html|title=Engine / gearbox|work=Formula1|access-date=17 March 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120412041247/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5280.html|archive-date=12 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:ATL-F1-Fuel-Bladder.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Crash resistant [[fuel bladder]]s, reinforced with [[kevlar]] are used.]]

For the [[2014 Formula One season|2014 season]], FIA introduced 1.6&nbsp;L six-cylinder turbocharged engines with a [[kinetic energy recovery system]] (KERS) to increase fuel-efficiency.<ref name="E1"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Benson|first=Andrew|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/formula_one/13878359.stm|title=Formula 1 bosses confirm engines will not change until 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|date=29 June 2011|access-date=17 March 2012|archive-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903040719/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/formula_one/13878359.stm|url-status=live }}</ref> For {{F1|2022}}, a modified V6 configuration was introduced with a more powerful KERS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/formula-1s-2021-regulations-whats-new-for-2021-5115288/5115288/|title=Formula 1's 2021 regulations: What's new for 2021?|date=15 Jan 2021|work=Autosport|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913104046/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/formula-1s-2021-regulations-whats-new-for-2021-5115288/5115288/|url-status=live}}</ref> Over the years, FIA has been gradually reducing the overall allocation of engines per season and with the increasing number of races, each engine is expected to last for at least {{cvt|2000|km}}. FIA had also introduced standardization of certain engine parts and cap on engine components to reduce costs with grid penalties applied for drivers who exceed the allocation.<ref name="E1"/> As per the current regulations, a maximum of five power units are allowed per season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.speedcafe.com/2017/11/01/formula-1-unveils-2021-engine-plans/|title=Formula 1 unveils 2021 engine plans|work=Speedcafe|date=1 November 2017|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107131517/https://www.speedcafe.com/2017/11/01/formula-1-unveils-2021-engine-plans/|url-status=live}}</ref> The engine is located between the driver and the rear axle and is bolted to the cockpit at the front end, and transmission and rear suspension at the back end.<ref name="E2"/>

The [[fuel]] used in F1 cars is a mixture of [[unleaded petrol]] and [[ethanol]] with a tightly controlled mixture ratio. As a part of the regulation change in 2022, the ethanol content was increased from 5.75% to 10%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.planetf1.com/features/major-changes-f1-2022-season/|title=All the major changes for the F1 2022 season|author=Jamie Woodhouse|work=PlanetF1|date=28 February 2022|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407161356/https://www.planetf1.com/features/major-changes-f1-2022-season/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-on-course-to-deliver-100-sustainable-fuels-for-2026.1szcnS0ehW3I0HJeelwPam|title=Formula 1 on course to deliver 100% sustainable fuels for 2026|date=26 June 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Formula 1|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522213843/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-on-course-to-deliver-100-sustainable-fuels-for-2026.1szcnS0ehW3I0HJeelwPam|url-status=live}}</ref> Cars were allowed to be refuelled during the race till 2010, after which refueling was banned. The cars are stipulated to carry a maximum fuel of 110 kg per race, with at least 1 kg to be made available to the FIA for post race inspection. Any abnormalties in the fuel or failure to provide the sample results in disqualification from the race.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/why-was-refuelling-banned-in-f1/10555079/|title=Why was refuelling banned in F1? History of refuelling and previous accidents|date=27 December 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Motorsport.com|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106200015/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/why-was-refuelling-banned-in-f1/10555079/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[fuel bladder]] is made of high quality rubber lined with [[kevlar]] for protection against crashes and is located in front of the engine, behind the cockpit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1/technology-explained-f1-fuel-systems/|title=Formula 1 fuel systems|date=7 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Racecar engineering|archive-date=15 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415212147/https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1/technology-explained-f1-fuel-systems/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://f1chronicle.com/formula-1-fuel-tank-safety-formula-1-technology/|title=Formula 1 Fuel Tank Safety Explained|date=7 August 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|work=F1 Chronicle|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620164150/https://f1chronicle.com/formula-1-fuel-tank-safety-formula-1-technology/|url-status=live}}</ref>