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Fortis and lenis
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==== Oral pressure ==== Generally, voiceless stops have greater oral pressure than voiced ones, which could explain this greater articulatory energy. In [[Ewe language|Ewe]], for example, the lips reach closure faster in articulating {{IPA|/p/}} than in {{IPA|/b/}}, making the lip closure longer.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=95}}</ref> These differences in oral articulatory energy in consonants of different laryngeal settings is fairly widespread, though the correlation of energy and voicing is not universal.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=96}}</ref> Indeed, a number of languages have been proposed as making strength differences independently of voicing, such as [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]], [[Archi language|Archi]], [[Udi language|Udi]], and [[Aghul language|Aghul]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kodzasov|1977|p=228}}</ref><ref>[http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/caucasus/nekklaut.htm#XFN10 Consonant Systems of the Northeast Caucasian Languages on TITUS DIDACTICA]</ref>
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