Editing French protectorate in Morocco (section)

===Hafidiya===
{{Main|Hafidiya}}
Sultan [[Abdelaziz of Morocco|Abdelaziz]] did virtually nothing in response to French aggressions and occupation of Oujda and [[Chaouia (Morocco)|Chaouia.]] As a result, there was growing pressure for a [[jihad]] in defense of Morocco, particularly from [[Muhammad al-Kattani]] and the people of Fes. After the southern aristocrats pledged support to the sultan's brother, [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco|Abd al-Hafid]], the people of Fes also pledged their support, though qualified by an unprecedented [[Conditional Bay'ah]].<ref>{{Cite book|date=11 April 2020|title=Fikrat al-dustūr fī al-Maghrib: wathāʼiq wa-nuṣūṣ (1901–2011) (Buch, 2017) [WorldCat.org]|oclc=994641823|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/994641823|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411023023/https://www.worldcat.org/title/fikrat-al-dustur-fi-al-maghrib-wathaiq-wa-nusus-1901-2011/oclc/994641823|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2020|access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref> France supported Abdelaziz and promoted him in their propaganda newspaper ''[[Es-Saada]]'' ({{Lang|ar|السعادة}}).<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 May 2015|title=جريدة "السعادة" التي كانت لسانا ناطقا باسم الاحتلال الفرنسي في المغرب|url=http://howiyapress.com/8571-2/|access-date=24 June 2019|website=هوية بريس|language=ar}}</ref> After defeating Abdelaziz in battle in 1908, Abd al-Hafid became the recognized leader of Morocco in 1909.