Editing Frilled lizard (section)

==Behaviour and ecology==
[[File:frilly.jpg|thumb|right|Frilled lizard in natural environment, showing camouflage]]
The frilled lizard is a [[Diurnality|diurnal]] (daytime) and [[arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] species,<ref name=pepper17/> spending over 90% each day up in the trees. It spends as little time on the ground as possible, mostly to feed, interact socially, or to travel to a new tree. Males move around more, {{cvt|69|m|yd}} per day on average versus {{cvt|23|m|yd}} for females at [[Kakadu National Park]].<ref name=Shine1989/> In the same area, male lizards were found to have an average [[home range]] of {{cvt|1.96|ha}} during the [[dry season]] and {{cvt|2.53|ha}} during the [[wet season]]; females used {{cvt|0.63|ha}} and {{cvt|0.68|ha}} for the wet and dry seasons, respectively.<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=Griffiths1999>{{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=A. D.|year=1999|title=Demography and home range of the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' (Agamidae), in Northern Australia|journal=Copeia|volume=1999 |issue=4|pages=1089–1096|doi=10.2307/1447984 |jstor=1447984}}</ref> Male lizards assert their boundaries with frill displays.<ref name=Shine90/> Frilled lizards are capable of moving [[bipedalism|bipedally]] and do so while hunting or to escape from predators. To keep balanced, they lean their heads far back enough, so it lines up behind the tail base.<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=Thompson2005/><ref name=antipredator>{{cite journal|last1=Perez-Martinez|first1=Christian A.|last2=Riley|first2=Julia L.|last3=Whiting|first3=Martin J.|author3-link=species:Martin J. Whiting|year=2020|title=Uncovering the function of an enigmatic display: antipredator behaviour in the iconic Australian frillneck lizard|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=129|issue=2|pages=425–438|doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blz176}}</ref>

These lizards are more active during the wet season, when they select smaller trees and are more commonly seen near the ground; during the dry season, they use larger trees and are found at greater heights.<ref name=Griffith1996>{{cite journal|last1=Griffiths|first1=A. D.|last2=Christian|first2=K. A.|year=1996|title=Diet and habitat use of frillneck lizards in a seasonal tropical environment|journal=Oecologia|volume=106|issue=1|pages=39–48|doi=10.1007/BF00334405|pmid=28307155 |bibcode=1996Oecol.106...39G |s2cid=7046330 }}</ref> Frilled lizards do not enter [[torpor|torpidity]] during the dry season, but they can greatly reduce their energy usage and metabolic rate in response to less food and water.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Christian|first1=K. A.|last2=Griffiths|first2=A. D.|last3=Bedford|first3=G. S.|year=1996|title=Physiological ecology of frillneck lizards in a seasonal tropical environment|journal=Oecologia|volume=106|issue=1|pages=49–56|doi=10.1007/BF00334406 |jstor=4221230|pmid=28307156 |bibcode=1996Oecol.106...49C |s2cid=25400682 }}</ref> Body temperatures can approach {{cvt|40|C|0}}.<ref name=Shine1989/> The species will [[Sunning (behaviour)|bask]] vertically on the main tree trunk in the morning and near the end of the day,<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=Christian1995/> though in the dry season they cease basking at a lower body temperature to better maintain energy and water.<ref name=Christian1995>{{cite journal|last1=Christian|first1=K. A.|last2=Bedford|first2=G. S.|year=1995|title=Seasonal changes in thermoregulation by the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'', in tropical Australia|journal=Ecology|volume=76|issue=1|pages=124–132|doi=10.2307/1940636|jstor=1940636 |bibcode=1995Ecol...76..124C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Christian|first1=Keith|last2=Green|first2=Brian|year=1994|title=Seasonal energetics and water turnover of the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'', in the wet-dry tropics of Australia|journal=Herpetologica|volume=50|issue=3|pages=274–281|jstor=3892700}}</ref> When it gets hotter during day, they climb higher in the canopy for shade.<ref name=Shine1989/> Frilled lizards will use large trees and [[termite]] mounds as refuges during [[wildfires]]. After a forest is burnt, the lizards select trees with more continuous canopies.<ref name=fire>{{cite journal|last1=Griffths|first1=A[nthony] D.|last2=Christian|first2=K[eith] A.|year=1996|title=The effects of fire on the frillneck lizard (''Chlamydosaurus kingii)'' in northern Australia|journal=Australian Journal of Ecology|volume=21|issue=4|pages=386–398|doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1996.tb00625.x|bibcode=1996AusEc..21..386G }}</ref>
[[File:Frilled-lizard500.jpg|thumb|left|Frilled lizard in threat display]]
Frilled lizards primarily feed on insects and other invertebrates, and very rarely take vertebrates. Prominent prey includes termites, [[ant]]s and [[centipede]]s; termites are particularly important food during the dry season, and [[Lepidoptera|moth]] larvae become important during the wet season.<ref name=Griffith1996/> Consumption of ants drops after early dry season fires but rises following fires later in the season.<ref name=fire/> This species is a [[sit-and-wait predator]]: it watches for potential prey from a tree and, upon seeing it, climbs down and rushes towards it on two legs before descending on all four to grab and eat it. After feeding, it retreats back up a tree.<ref name=Shine1989/> 

Frilled lizards face threats from [[birds of prey]] and larger lizards and snakes.<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=antipredator/> When threatened, the species erects its frill to make itself look bigger. This display is accompanied by a gaping mouth, puffing, hissing, and tail lashes. The lizard may also flee and hide from its predators.<ref name=antipredator/> Several species of [[nematode]] infest the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=H. I.|year=1994|title=Gastrointestinal nematodes of the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' (Agamidae), with particular reference to ''Skrjabinoptera goldmanae'' (Spirurida: Physalopteridae)|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|volume=42|issue=3|pages=371–377|doi=10.1071/ZO9940371}}</ref> There is at least one record of an individual dying of [[cryptosporidiosis]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Orós|first1=Jorge|last2=Rodríguez|first2=José Luis|author2-link=species:José Luis Rodríguez-Hernández|last3=Patterson-Kane|first3=Janet|year=1998|title=Gastric cryptosporidiosis in a wild frilled lizard from Australia|journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases|volume=34|issue=4|pages=807–810|doi=10.7589/0090-3558-34.4.807|pmid=9813853|s2cid=20958564|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Frilled lizards can breed during the late dry and early wet seasons.<ref name=Shine1989/> Competing males display with gaping mouths and spread frills. Fights can ensue, in which the lizards pounce and bite each other's heads.<ref name=Shine90/> The female digs a shallow cavity to leave her eggs.<ref name=reproduction/><ref name=sex-determination>{{cite journal|last1=Harlow|first1=P. S.|author1-link=species:Peter S. Harlow|last2=Shine|first2=R.|year=1999|title=Temperature-dependent sex determination in the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' (Agamidae)|journal=Herpetologica|volume=55|issue=2|pages=205–212|jstor=3893081}}</ref> They can lay multiple [[Clutch (eggs)|clutches]] per season, and the number of eggs in a clutch can vary from four to over 20.<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=reproduction>{{cite book|last1=Griffiths|first1=A. D.|year=1993|contribution=Preliminary investigations on the reproduction of the frillneck lizard ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' in the Northern Territory|title=Herpetology in Australia: A Diverse Discipline|publisher=Transactions of the Royal Zoological Society of NSW|pages=127–131|isbn=0-9599951-8-8}}</ref> The incubation period can last two to four months,<ref name=reproduction/><ref name=sex-determination/> with milder temperatures producing more males and more extreme temperatures producing more females.<ref name=sex-determination/> Hatchlings have proportionally smaller frills than adults.<ref name=Shine90/> Lizards grow during the wet season when food is more abundant,<ref name=Griffith1996/> and males grow faster than females.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ujvari|first1=Beata|last2=Fisher|first2=Peter|last3=Rydell|first3=Jens|last4=Wahlgren|first4=Richard|last5=Wright|first5=Belinda|last6=Madsen|first6=Thomas|author6-link=species:Thomas Madsen|year=2014|title=Population demography of frillneck lizards (''Chlamydosaurus kingii'', Gray 1825) in the wet-dry tropics of Australia|journal=Austral Ecology|volume=40|issue=1|pages=60–66|doi=10.1111/aec.12168}}</ref> Juvenile males also disperse further from their hatching area.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ujvari|first1=Beata|last2=Dowton|first2=Mark|last3=Madsen|first3=Thomas|year=2008|title=Population genetic structure, gene flow and sex-biased dispersal in frillneck lizards (''Chlamydosaurus kingii'')|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=17|issue=15|pages=3557–3564|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03849.x|pmid=19160482|s2cid=1299295|doi-access=free|bibcode=2008MolEc..17.3557U }}</ref> The species reaches sexual maturity within two years; males live up to six years compared to four years for females.<ref name=Griffiths1999/>