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===Bolivia=== {{expand section|date=January 2024}} For long time a frontier existed east of [[Tarija]] in southeastern Bolivia.<ref name=guillermina>{{Cite journal |title=Chiriguanos: la construcción de un estereotipo en la política colonizadora del sur andino |journal=Memoria Americana |last=Oliveto |first=Guillermina |url=https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1851-37512010000100002&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt |volume=18 |issue=2 |year=2010 |trans-title=Chiriguanos: southern andes colonizing policy and the construction of a stereotype |language=es}}</ref><ref name=aguayaceite>{{Cite journal |title=Como agua y aceite. Las alianzas guerreras entre tobas y chiriguanos en el siglo XIX |journal=Indiana |last=Combès |first=Isabelle|year=2014 |volume=31 |pages=321–349 |language=es}}</ref> Starting in the late 16th century the Spanish saw the tribes inhabiting the eastern jungles, and the "[[Ava Guaraní people|Chiriguanos]]" in particular, as a threat.<ref name=guillermina/> This frontier attracted [[Afro-Bolivians|Maroons]] and indigenous individuals who escaped Spanish rule in the [[Real Audiencia of Charcas]].<ref name=aguayaceite/> The frontier remained remakably stable until the late 18th century when the Spanish made some advances into the Chiriguano territory.<ref name=aguayaceite/> Later, in the second half of the 19th century a more definitive advance begun on the Chiriguano lands with the last resistance being crushed in the early 20th century.<ref name=aguayaceite/>
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