Editing Gang rape (section)

==Motives==
=== Sexual entitlement and entertainment===
A 2013 [[Lancet (journal)|''Lancet'']] report found that among the motives for rape were sexual entitlement and seeking of entertainment. Associated factors in the crime included [[Alcohol abuse|alcohol misuse]], [[poverty]], [[Child sexual abuse|personal history of childhood victimization]], need to prove [[Heterosexuality|heterosexual]] performance, [[Misogyny|dominance over women]], and participation in gangs and related activities. {{As of|September 2013}}, according to the report, most cases were not reported to law enforcement, and just 23% of single or multiple perpetrator rapes that were reported by the victims ended in prison sentence.<ref name=lancetrapestudy/> The 1886 [[Mount Rennie rape case]] in [[Sydney]], Australia falls in this category.

===As an act of war===
{{Main|War rape}}
Gang rapes during [[civil war]]s and [[ethnic riot]]s take added dimension of becoming a means of [[revenge]], sending a message to the victims' community, inducing fear in the opponent, and creating a sense of solidarity among the soldiers or militants or the violent group.<ref name=rape7>{{cite journal|last=Olujic |first=Maria B. |year=1995 |title=Women, rape, and war: The continued trauma of refugees and displaced persons in Croatia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310200150/https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/download/721/814 |archive-date=2014-03-10 |url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/721/814 |url-status=live |journal=Anthropology of East Europe Review |volume=13 |issue=1 |publisher=University of Zagreb |pages=62–67}}</ref><ref name=rape8>Miller, Jody, & Glassner, Barry (1997). The ‘inside’and the ‘outside’: finding realities in interviews. Qualitative research, pp. 99–112, chapter 8</ref> At least 20,000 women were raped or gang raped and afterwards killed during the [[Nanjing Massacre]], also known as the Rape of Nanjing, during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (1937-1945).

Major ethnic conflicts and wars within the last 50 years have witnessed a campaign of gang rapes.<ref>Card, Claudia, Rape as a Weapon of War, Hypatia 11.4 (1996), pp. 5–18</ref> [[Soviet war crimes#Mass rapes|Rapes by Soviet soldiers]] and the [[Mahmudiyah killings|Mahmudiyah rape and killings by American soldiers]] are examples of such [[war crime]]s.

The [[Kivu conflict|Congo war]] saw thousands of gang rapes every week, with each relief center reporting 10 or more daily victims of gang rape with battering of women.<ref name=rape9>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/07/world/africa/07congo.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 | work=The New York Times | first=Jeffrey | last=Gettleman | title=Rape Epidemic Raises Trauma of Congo War | date=2007-10-07 | access-date=2017-02-21 | archive-date=2018-10-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003141336/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/07/world/africa/07congo.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=rape10>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/sep/8/congos-shame-rape-used-as-tool-of-war/?page=all |title=Congo's shame: Rape used as tool of war |work=[[Washington Times]] |date=2009-09-08 |access-date=2013-11-05 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022051/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/sep/8/congos-shame-rape-used-as-tool-of-war/?page=all |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Rwandan genocide]] of 1994 witnessed numerous gang rapes by soldiers.<ref>Morris, M. (1996). By force of arms: Rape, war, and military culture. Duke Law Journal, 45, pp. 651–699</ref> The [[Bosnian War|Bosnian war]] during the 1990s saw a similar campaign of gang rapes.<ref name=rape11>Stiglmayer, A. (Ed.). (1994). Mass rape: The war against women in Bosnia-Herzegovina, University of Nebraska Press</ref> In the 1990s, the [[Kashmir]] region which was a battlefield between [[Jihadists]] and the [[Indian armed forces]] also saw a number of gang rapes which were perpetrated by both sides of the conflict [[Terrorism|to instill fear in the population]] of each side.<ref>{{cite web |last=R. |first=Viswesh |date=2016-06-19 |title=Book Review: Do You Remember Kunan Poshpora? |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2016/06/19/book-review-do-you-remember-kunan-poshpora/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Feminism in India}}</ref>

In the 2000s, civil war-torn countries such as [[Sudan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Syria]] reported high rates of gang rapes by government soldiers, [[security force]]s, insurgents, and [[militia]]s.<ref name=rape16>Farr, Kathryn. "Extreme war rape in today’s civil-war-torn states: A contextual and comparative analysis." Gender Issues 26.1 (2009): pp. 1–41</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Asfour Hasibah | year = 2013 | title = Concepts of Social Justice and Islamic Perspective | journal = American Journal of Law and Public Policy | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = 29–34 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/04/06/syrian_women_who_fled_to_jordan_tell_of_horrific_rapes_back_home.html |title=Syrian women who fled to Jordan tell of horrific rapes back home |publisher=[[Toronto Star]] |date=2013-04-06 |access-date=2013-11-05 |archive-date=2013-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105150552/http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/04/06/syrian_women_who_fled_to_jordan_tell_of_horrific_rapes_back_home.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/21/opinion/the-syrian-refugee-crisis.html|title=The Syrian Refugee Crisis|date=20 January 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224220935/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/21/opinion/the-syrian-refugee-crisis.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar incidents have been recorded in [[Libya]],<ref>{{cite web |author=AFP |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/528327/british-pro-palestinian-activists-raped-in-libya-deputy-pm/ |title=British pro-Palestinian activists raped in Libya: Deputy PM – The Express Tribune |date=29 March 2013 |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |access-date=2014-02-11 |archive-date=2013-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227183127/http://tribune.com.pk/story/528327/british-pro-palestinian-activists-raped-in-libya-deputy-pm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Mali]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Corinne Dufka |author2=senior Africa researcher |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/04/30/mali-war-crimes-northern-rebels |title=Mali: War Crimes by Northern Rebels &#124; Human Rights Watch |publisher=Hrw.org |date=2012-04-30 |access-date=2014-02-11 |archive-date=2022-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125023101/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/04/30/mali-war-crimes-northern-rebels |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|recent Russian-Ukrainian war]], especially after the start of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|full-scale Russian invasion]], numerous cases of gang rapes of Ukrainian women and men, including children, by Russian soldiers were recorded.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/09/1141417 Ukraine: Rape and torture by Russian forces continuing, rights experts report]</ref><ref>[https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3613333-russian-troops-gangrape-12yearold-girl-in-eastern-ukraine-intercept.html Russian troops gang-rape 12-year-old girl in eastern Ukraine - intercept]</ref><ref>[https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3495357-sexual-violence-by-russian-forces-is-genocide-of-ukrainian-people.html Sexual violence by Russian forces is genocide against Ukrainian people]</ref><ref>[https://kyivindependent.com/reuters-russian-soldiers-sexually-abused-a-4-year-old-child-raped-her-mother-in-kyiv-oblast/ Reuters: Russian soldiers sexually abused 4-year-old child, raped her mother in Kyiv Oblast]</ref><ref>[https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/10/21/7425075/ UN Commission publishes report on rape and torture in Russian-occupied territories]</ref>

It is alleged that there were several cases of rape and sexual assault on the [[7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel|October 7th attack]] by [[Hamas|Hamas soldiers]]. In [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|the aftermath]] in which Israel began arresting [[Palestinians|Palestinian civilians]] and bombing the [[Gaza Strip]], dozens of alleged cases of sexual assault and rape by [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF soldiers]] [[Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Gaza war|against Palestinian detainees]] of all ages—both male and female—were recounted by prisoners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel's actions in Gaza 'intentional attack on civilians': UN inquiry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/19/israels-actions-in-gaza-intentional-attack-on-civilians-un-inquiry |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Raped by female soldiers': Palestinian in leaked Sde Teiman photo speaks out |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/raped-female-soldiers-palestinian-leaked-sde-teiman-photo-speaks-out |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebrahim |first=Nadeen |date=2024-08-25 |title='They told me to strip.' Former Palestinian detainee says he was sexually abused in an Israeli prison |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/25/middleeast/former-palestinian-detainee-sexually-abused-in-israeli-prison-mime-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=Palestinian detainees allege torture and sexual abuse by Israeli captors |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/palestinian-detainees-allege-torture-and-sexual-abuse-by-israeli-captors |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=Channel 4 News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===As punishment===
{{See also|Corrective rape}}
A 2013 Lancet report on rape and gang rape in [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[Cambodia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Papua New Guinea]], and [[Sri Lanka]] found that the crime was committed for various motives, including as a means to inflict punishment on the victim.<ref name=lancetrapestudy/>

Traditionally, the [[Cheyenne people]] of [[North America]] used gang rape as punishment for female transgressions.<ref name=rape4>{{cite book|title = Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender|page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9/page/299 299]|last = Worell|first = Judith|publisher = Academic Press|year = 2001|isbn = 9780122272455|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9/page/299}}</ref> A similar practice existed among the [[Munduruku people]] of [[South America]].<ref name=rape5>{{cite book|title=Weaving the Past: A History of Latin America's Indigenous Women from the Prehispanic Period to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/weavingpasthisto00kell |url-access=limited |last = Kellogg|first = Susan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year = 2005|page=[https://archive.org/details/weavingpasthisto00kell/page/n163 150]|isbn = 9780198040422}}</ref>

In the [[Mpumalanga]] province of [[South Africa]], there are instances of gang rape as punishment.<ref name=rape6>{{cite book|title = South African Supplement to Social Psychology 3e| author = Mynhardt|page = 7|publisher = Pearson South Africa| isbn = 9781770255241|year = 2009}}</ref> In [[Argentina]] and [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite book|title = The Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law, Volume 8|page = 103|publisher = Georgetown University Law Center|year=2007}}</ref> gang rape has been reported to have been ordered as punishment.

=== Religious or racial factors===
Though having the same race or religion often acts as a binding force for creating a close-knit serial rape gangs,<ref name=rape1/><ref name=rape2/><ref name=rape3/> studies reported that 30% of these shared-identity rape gangs specifically targeted people of another religion or race.<ref name=rape12>{{cite book |last1=Allison |first1=Julie A. |last2=Wrightsman |first2=Lawrence S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GI0BXXNQJ-QC |title=Rape: The Misunderstood Crime |date=1993-06-21 |publisher=SAGE |oclc=1083053697 |isbn=9780803937079}}</ref>