Editing Gastroenteritis (section)

===Bacterial===
[[File:Salmonella Typhimurium Gram.jpg|thumb|''Salmonella enterica'' serovar Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) as seen with a microscope at 1000 fold magnification and following Gram staining]]
In some countries, ''[[Campylobacter jejuni]]'' is the primary cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, with half of these cases associated with exposure to [[poultry]].<ref name="Bact2007">{{cite journal|last=Galanis|first=E|title=Campylobacter and bacterial gastroenteritis.|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |date=11 September 2007 |volume=177|issue=6|pages=570–1|pmid=17846438|doi=10.1503/cmaj.070660|pmc=1963361}}</ref> In children, bacteria are the cause in about 15% of cases, with the most common types being ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'', ''[[Shigella]]'', and ''Campylobacter'' species.<ref name=Webb2005/> If food becomes contaminated with bacteria and remains at room temperature for several hours, the bacteria multiply and increase the risk of infection in those who consume the food.<ref name=M93/> Some foods commonly associated with illness include raw or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs; raw sprouts; unpasteurized milk and soft cheeses; and fruit and vegetable juices.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nyachuba|first=DG|title=Foodborne illness: is it on the rise?|journal=Nutrition Reviews|date=May 2010 |volume=68|issue=5|pages=257–69|pmid=20500787|doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00286.x}}</ref> In the developing world, especially sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, [[cholera]] is a common cause of gastroenteritis.<!-- <ref name=Cholera11/> --> This infection is usually transmitted by contaminated water or food.<ref name="Cholera11">{{cite journal|last=Charles|first=RC|author2=Ryan, ET|title=Cholera in the 21st century.|journal=Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases|date=October 2011 |volume=24|issue=5|pages=472–7|pmid=21799407|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834a88af|s2cid=6907842}}</ref>

Toxigenic ''[[Clostridioides difficile infection|Clostridioides difficile]]'' is an important cause of diarrhea that occurs more often in the elderly.<ref name=M93/> Infants can carry these bacteria without developing symptoms.<ref name=M93/> It is a common cause of diarrhea in those who are hospitalized and is frequently associated with antibiotic use.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Moudgal|first=V|author2=Sobel, JD|title=''Clostridium difficile'' colitis: a review.|journal=Hospital Practice |date=February 2012 |volume=40|issue=1|pages=139–48|pmid=22406889|doi=10.3810/hp.2012.02.954|s2cid=23015631}}</ref> ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' infectious diarrhea may also occur in those who have used antibiotics.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lin|first=Z|author2=Kotler, DP |author3=Schlievert, PM |author4= Sordillo, EM |title=Staphylococcal enterocolitis: forgotten but not gone?|journal=Digestive Diseases and Sciences|date=May 2010 |volume=55|issue=5|pages=1200–7|pmid=19609675|doi=10.1007/s10620-009-0886-1|s2cid=2023416}}</ref> Acute "[[traveler's diarrhea]]" is usually a type of bacterial gastroenteritis, while the persistent form is usually parasitic.<ref name="CDC Travelers'">{{cite web|title=Persistent Travelers' Diarrhea|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/post-travel-evaluation/persistent-travelers-diarrhea|publisher=United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=9 January 2016|date=10 July 2015|quote=Although most cases of travelers' diarrhea are acute and self-limited, a certain percentage of travelers will develop persistent (>14 days) gastrointestinal symptoms&nbsp;... Parasites as a group are the pathogens most likely to be isolated from patients with persistent diarrhea|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103203635/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/post-travel-evaluation/persistent-travelers-diarrhea|archive-date=3 January 2016}}</ref> Acid-suppressing medication appears to increase the risk of significant infection after exposure to several organisms, including ''Clostridioides difficile'', ''Salmonella'', and ''Campylobacter'' species.<ref name="PPI2007">{{cite journal|last=Leonard|first=J |author2=Marshall, JK |author3=Moayyedi, P|title=Systematic review of the risk of enteric infection in patients taking acid suppression.|journal=The American Journal of Gastroenterology|date=September 2007 |volume=102|issue=9|pages=2047–56; quiz 2057|doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01275.x |pmid=17509031|s2cid=12326803 }}</ref> The risk is greater in those taking [[proton pump inhibitors]] than with [[H2 antagonist|H<sub>2</sub> antagonist]]s.<ref name=PPI2007/>