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Geological map
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==History== The oldest preserved geological map is the [[Turin Papyrus Map|Turin papyrus]] (1150 BCE), which shows the location of building stone and [[gold]] deposits in Egypt.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harrell |first1=James A. |first2=V. Max |last2=Brown |year=1992 |title=The world's oldest surviving geological mapβthe 1150 BC Turin papyrus from Egypt |journal=[[The Journal of Geology]] |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=3β18 |doi=10.1086/629568 |jstor=30082315 |bibcode=1992JG....100....3H |s2cid=140154575 }}</ref><ref name="Klemm">{{cite book |last1=Klemm |first1=Rosemarie |last2=Klemm |first2=Dietrich |title=Gold and Gold Mining in Ancient Egypt and Nubia |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |location=Heidelberg |isbn=9783642225079 |pages=132β136}}</ref> The earliest geological map of the modern era is the 1771 "Map of Part of Auvergne, or figures of, The Current of Lava in which Prisms, Balls, Etc. are Made from Basalt. To be used with Mr. Demarest's theories of this hard basalt. Engraved by Messr. Pasumot and Daily, Geological Engineers of the King." This map is based on [[Nicolas Desmarest]]'s 1768 detailed study of the geology and eruptive history of the [[Auvergne (region)|Auvergne]] volcanoes and a comparison with the columns of the [[Giant's Causeway]] of Ireland. He identified both landmarks as features of extinct volcanoes. The 1768 report was incorporated in the 1771 (French) Royal Academy of Science compendium. The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by [[William Maclure]].<ref name="Maclure1809">{{cite web | url=https://www.loc.gov/item/85694780/ | title=Maclure's geological map of the United States | publisher=Library of Congress | work=US Library of Congress' Map Collection | access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> In 1807, Maclure undertook the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. He traversed and mapped nearly every state in the Union. During the rigorous two-year period of his survey, he crossed and recrossed the [[Allegheny Mountains]] some 50 times.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Maclure, William |volume=17 |page=263}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Greene |first1=J.C. |last2=Burke |first2=J.G. |year=1978 |title=The Science of Minerals in the Age of Jefferson |journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |series=New |volume=68 |number=4 |page=39|doi=10.2307/1006294 |jstor=1006294 }} (article pages: 1β113)</ref> Maclure's map shows the distribution of five classes of rock in what are now only the eastern states of the present-day US. The first geological map of [[Great Britain]] was created by [[William Smith (geologist)|William Smith]] in 1815 using principles ([[Smith's laws]]) first formulated by Smith.<ref>[[Simon Winchester]], 2002, ''[[The Map that Changed the World]]'', Harper-Collins {{ISBN|0-06-093180-9}}</ref>
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