Editing German Confederation (section)

== Military ==
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=== Activities ===
The rules of the Confederation provided for three different types of military interventions:<ref>Following Ernst Rudolf Huber: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789.'' vol. I: ''Reform und Restauration 1789 bis 1830.'' 2nd ed., W. Kohlhammer: Stuttgart et al., 1967, pp. 607–609.</ref>
* the federal war (''Bundeskrieg'') against an external enemy who attacks federal territory,
* the federal execution (''Bundesexekution'') against the government of a member state that violates federal law,
* the federal intervention (''Bundesintervention'') supporting a government that is under pressure of a popular uprising.
Other military conflicts were foreign to the confederation (''bundesfremd''). An example is Austria's oppression of the uprising in Northern Italy in 1848 and 1849, as these Austrian territories lay outside of the confederation's borders.

During the existence of the Confederation, there was only one federal war: the war against Denmark beginning with the Schleswig-Holstein uprising in 1848 (the [[First Schleswig War]]). The conflict became a federal war when the Bundestag demanded from Denmark to withdraw its troops from Schleswig (April 12) and recognized the revolutionary of Schleswig-Holstein (April 22). The confederation was transformed into the [[German Empire (1848–1849)|German Empire of 1848]]. Prussia was ''de facto'' the most important member state conducting the war for Germany.<ref>Ernst Rudolf Huber: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789.'' vol. 2: ''Der Kampf um Einheit und Freiheit 1830 bis 1850.'' W. Kohlhammer: Stuttgart et al., 1960, pp. 669–671.</ref>

There are several examples for federal executions and especially federal interventions. In 1863, the Confederation ordered a federal execution against the duke of Holstein (the Danish king). Federal troops occupied Holstein which was a member state. After this, Austria and Prussia declared war on Denmark, the Second Schleswig War (or ''Deutsch-Dänischer Krieg'' in German). As Schleswig and Denmark were not member states, this war was foreign to the Confederation. The Confederation took no part in this war.

A federal intervention confronted for example the [[Baden Revolution|raid of the revolutionaries in Baden]] in April 1848.

In June 1866, the Federal Convention decided to takes measures against Prussia. This decision was technically not a federal execution for a lack of time to observe the actual procedure. Prussia had violated, according to the majority of the convention, federal law by sending its troops to Holstein. The decision led to the war in summer 1866 that ended with the dissolution of the confederation ([[Austro-Prussian War|known as ''Seven Weeks War'' or by other names]]).

===Armed forces===
The [[German Federal Army]] (''Deutsches Bundesheer'') was supposed to collectively defend the German Confederation from external enemies, primarily France. Successive laws passed by the Confederate Diet set the form and function of the army, as well as contribution limits of the member states. The Diet had the power to declare war and was responsible for appointing a supreme commander of the army and commanders of the individual army corps. This made mobilization extremely slow and added a political dimension to the army. In addition, the Diet oversaw the construction and maintenance of several [[Fortresses of the German Confederation|German Federal Fortresses]] and collected funds annually from the member states for this purpose.

Projections of army strength were published in 1835, but the work of forming the Army Corps did not commence until 1840 as a consequence of the [[Rhine Crisis]]. Money for the fortresses were determined by an act of the Confederate Diet in that year. By 1846, Luxemburg still had not formed its own contingent, and Prussia was rebuffed for offering to supply 1,450 men to garrison the Luxemburg fortress that should have been supplied by Waldeck and the two Lippes. In that same year, it was decided that a common symbol for the Federal Army should be the old Imperial two-headed eagle, but without crown, scepter, or sword, as any of those devices encroached on the individual sovereignty of the states. King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]] was among those who derided the "disarmed imperial eagle" as a national symbol.<ref>Treitschke, Heinrich. ''History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century''. Jarrold & Sons, London, 1919. Vol. VII, p. 519.</ref>

The German Federal Army was divided into ten Army Corps (later expanded to include a Reserve Corps). However, the Army Corps were not exclusive to the German Confederation but composed from the national armies of the member states, and did not include all of the armed forces of a state. For example, Prussia's army consisted of nine Army Corps but contributed only three to the German Federal Army.

The strength of the mobilized German Federal Army was projected to total 303,484 men in 1835 and 391,634 men in 1860, with the individual states providing the following figures:<ref>''Beilage zum Militaer-Wochenblatt fuer das deutsche Bundesheer.'' No. 3, 1860.</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"

|-
! State
! Area [km<sup>2</sup>]
! Population<ref group="A">For the year 1835.</ref>
! Matriculation class<ref group="A">The matriculation class determined the percentage of expenditures for 1835.</ref><br/>(proportion of total)
! Annual expenditures <br/>(in Austrian Gulden)
! Army Corps
! Troop Totals<ref group="A">For the year 1860.</ref>

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Austrian Empire<ref group="A">Not included Hungary, [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Transylvania]], [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia]] (but with Auschwitz and Zator), [[Dalmatia]], [[Slavonia]], Croatia and upper Italian lands apart from [[Trieste]].</ref> 
| <ref name="BA" group="A">federal share.</ref> 197,573
| <ref name="BA" group="A"/> 10,086,900
| 31.4% 
| 9,432,000 
| I, II, III 
| 158,037

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Kingdom of Prussia<ref group="A">Without [[East Prussia]], [[West Prussia]], and [[Province of Posen|Posen]].</ref>
| <ref name="BA" group="A"/> 185,496
| <ref name="BA" group="A"/> 9,957,000
| 26.5% 
| 7,956,000 
| IV, V, VI 
| 133,769

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Kingdom of Bavaria
| 76,258
| 4,120,000
| 11.8% 
| 3,540,000 
| VII 
| 59,334

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Kingdom of Hannover
| 38,452
| 1,549,000
| 4.3% 
| 1,299,000 
| X (1st Div., part) 
| 21,757

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Kingdom of Württemberg
| 19,504
| 1,547,400
| 4.6% 
| 1,389,000 
| VIII (1st Div.) 
| 23,259

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Kingdom of Saxony
| 14,993
| 1,480,000
| 4.0% 
| 1,194,000 
| IX (1st Div.) 
| 20,000

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Grand Duchy of Baden
| 15,269
| 1,175,000
| 3.3% 
| 993,000 
| VIII (2nd Div.) 
| 16,667

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt
| 7,680
| 720,000
| 2.2% 
| 615,000 
| VIII (3rd Div., part) 
| 10,325

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
| 13,304
| 455,000
| 1.2% 
| 357,000 
| X (2nd Div., part) 
| 5,967

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
| 2,929
| 85,000
| 0.2% 
| 72,000 
| X (2nd Div., part) 
| 1,197

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
| 6,420
| 250,000
| 0.7% 
| 219,000 
| X (2nd Div., part) 
| 3,740

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Grand Duchy of Luxemburg (with the Duchy of Limburg)
| 2,586
| 259,500
| 0.4% 
| 120,000 
| IX (2nd Div., part) 
| 2,706

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar
| 3,593
| 233,814
| 0.7% 
| 201,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 3,350

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Electoral Hesse
| 9,581
| 629,000
| 1.9% 
| 564,000 
| IX (2nd Div., part) 
| 9,466

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau
| 840
| 57,629
| 0.2% 
| 57,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 1,422

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Duchy of Anhalt-Köthen<ref group="A">Inherited by the Duke of Anhalt-Dessau in 1847 and formally merged in 1853.</ref>
| 727
| 36,000
| 0.1% 
| 30,000 
| Reserve (part)
| 325<ref group="A">Figures for 1835; merged with Anhalt-Dessau army in 1847.</ref>

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg<ref group="A">Merged with Anhalt-Dessau in 1863.</ref>
| 780
| 43,325
| 0.1% 
| 36,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 616

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Duchy of Brunswick
| 3,690
| 245,783
| 0.7% 
| 20,000 
| X (1st Div., part) 
| 3,493

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Duchies of Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg<ref group="A">Troops were attached to the Danish army until 1864, as the King of Denmark was also Duke of both lands.</ref>
| 9,580
| 450,000
| 0.1% 
| 35,000 
| X (2nd Div., part) 
| 6,000

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Duchy of Nassau
| 4,700
| 360,000
| 1.0%
| 300,000 
| IX (2nd Div., part) 
| 6,109

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg
| 1,287
| 114,048
| 0.3% 
| 99,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 1,638

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha<ref group="A">Gotha passed to Saxe-Coburg in 1826.</ref>
| 2,688
| 156,639
| 0.4% 
| 111,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 1,860

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen<ref group="A">Partitioned between Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Meiningen in 1826.</ref>
| 0
| 0
| nil%
| 0 
| Reserve (part) 
| 0<ref group="A">No figures reported before partition.</ref>

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
| 2,293
| 136,000
| 0.4% 
| 114,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 1,918

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
| 906
| 42,341
| 1.4% 
| 420,000 
| VIII (3rd Div., part) 
| 356<ref group="A">Figures for 1835; merged with Prussian army in 1850.</ref>

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Principality of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
| 236
| 17,000
| 0.1% 
| 15,000 
| VIII (3rd Div., part) 
| 155

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Principality of Lippe-Detmold
| 1,133
| 77,500
| 0.2% 
| 69,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 1,202

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
| 536
| 23,128
| 0.1% 
| 21,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 350

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Principality of Liechtenstein
| 159
| 5,800
| nil% 
| 6,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 91

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Principality of Reuß elder line 
| 316
| 24,500
| 0.1% 
| 21,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 1,241

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Principality of Reuß younger line
| 826
| 59,000
| 0.2% 
| 51,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| see Reuß elder line

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
| 940
| 60,000
| 0.2% 
| 54,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 899

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Principality of Waldeck
| 1,121
| 56,000
| 0.2% 
| 51,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 866

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
| 862
| 51,767
| 0.2% 
| 45,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 751

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Landgraviate of Hessen-Homburg<ref group="A">Merged with Grand Ducal Hesse in 1866.</ref>
| 275
| 23,000
| 0.-% 
| 21,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 333

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Free City of Lübeck
| 298
| 45,600
| 0.1% 
| 39,000 
| X (2nd Div., part) 
| 669

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Free City of Hamburg
| 410
| 154,000
| 0.4% 
| 129,000 
| X (2nd Div., part) 
| 2,163

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Free City of Bremen
| 256
| 52,000
| 0.2% 
| 48,000 
| X (2nd Div., part) 
| 748

|-
| style="text-align:left" | Free City of Frankfurt
| 101
| 54,000
| 0.2% 
| 48,000 
| Reserve (part) 
| 1,119

|-

|}
; Notes
<references group="A"/>