Editing Giosuè Carducci (section)

=== Italian unification ===
{{Quote box |width=285px |align=right |quoted=true |bgcolor=#FFFFF0 |salign=right
 |quote =<poem>
'''''Hymn to Satan'''''

To thee of All Being 
The First Cause immense
Of matter and spirit
Of reason and sense

Whilst in the full goblet
Shall sparkle the wine,
So bright the pupil
The souls of men shine,

Whilst earth still is smiling,
And the sun smiles above,
And men are exchanging
Their sweet words of love,

Thrills mystic of Hymen
Through high mountains course,
And broad plains are heaving
With life's fertile force,

On thee in verse daring,
From tight rein released,
On thee I call, Satan,
The King of the feast.
</poem>|source = ''From "Hymn to Satan" poem by Giosuè Carducci''}}
On April 27 of that year, the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Grand Duchy]] was dissolved and Tuscany joined the newly formed [[Kingdom of Italy]]. Carducci's fortunes began to turn for the better. First, he was offered the Chair of Greek in the secondary school of [[Pistoia]], where he remained for nearly a year; then, the Minister of Public Education, [[Terenzio, Count Mamiani della Rovere|Terenzio Mamiani della Rovere]], appointed him to the Chair of Italian Eloquence at the [[University of Bologna]]. Carducci soon became a popular lecturer. He was somewhat ambivalent toward his professorial role and its traditional [[Philology|philological]] orientation and fretted about its effect on his poetry, but the position allowed him to deepen his acquaintance with the [[classics]] and with the literature of other nations. His political views also changed. Under [[Victor Emmanuel II]], Carducci had been an idealistic [[Monarchism|monarchist]] in support of the union of Italy, but after [[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]] was wounded and captured by Italian troops in the [[battle of Aspromonte]] in 1862, Carducci allied himself with the democratic republicans and became more pronouncedly [[Jacobins|Jacobin]] and anticlerical, venting his intense feelings in aggressive poetry.

His anti-clerical revolutionary vehemence was prominently showcased in one famous poem, the deliberately blasphemous and provocative {{ill|Inno a Satana|it|A Satana|quote=y}} ("Hymn to Satan"). "Satan" / "Lucifer" was considered by Italian [[Left-wing politics|leftists]] of the time as a metaphor for the rebellious and freethinking spirit. The poem was composed in 1863 as a dinner party toast, published in 1865, and then republished in 1869 by Bologna's radical newspaper, ''Il Popolo'', as a provocation timed to coincide with the [[First Vatican Council]], a time when revolutionary fervour directed against the papacy was running high as republicans pressed both politically and militarily for an end to the Vatican's domination over the [[Papal States]].<ref>''Carducci, Giosuè, Selected Verse/ Giosuè Carducci: edited with a translation, introduction and commentary by David H. Higgins'', (Aris & Phillips; Warminster, England), 1994. See also: Bailey, John Cann, ''Carducci'' The [[Taylorian Lecture]] (Clarendon Press, Oxford) 1926.</ref> In 1866 Carducci was initiated at the [[Freemasonry|Masonic]] lodge "Galvani" of Bologna.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gilbert |first1=Sari |date=2 June 1981 |title=Freemasonry in Italy Has Had 2 1/2 Centuries of {{sic|Contro|vesy|hide=y}} |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1981/06/02/freemasonry-in-italy-has-had-2-12-centuries-of-controvesy/800d7499-43d2-4366-9508-24cc83128811/ |access-date=28 July 2021 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>