Editing Goose (section)

== Migratory patterns ==
Most goose species are migratory, though populations of Canada geese living near human developments may remain in a locality year-round.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Handwerk |first=Brian |date=16 December 2020 |title=Do Canada geese still fly south for winter? Yes, but it's complicated. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/do-canada-geese-still-fly-south-for-winter |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=National Geographic}}</ref> These 'resident' geese, found primarily in the eastern United States, may migrate only short distances, or not at all, if they have adequate food supply and access to open water.<ref name=":3" />

=== Navigation ===
Migratory geese may use several environmental cues in timing the beginning of their migration, including temperature, predation threat, and food availability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van Wijk |first1=Rien E. |last2=Koelzch |first2=Andrea |last3=Kruckenberg |first3=Helmut |last4=Ebbinge |first4=Barwolt S. |last5=Mueskens |first5=Gerhard J.D.M. |last6=Nolet |first6=Bart A. |date=2012 |title=Individually tracked geese follow peaks of temperature acceleration during spring migration |journal=Oikos |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=655–664 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20083.x|bibcode=2012Oikos.121..655V |url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-1cyvc928shqh72 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jonker |first1=Rudy M. |last2=Eichhorn |first2=Goetz |last3=van Langevelde |first3=Frank |last4=Bauer |first4=Silke |date=2010 |title=Predation Danger Can Explain Changes in Timing of Migration: The Case of the Barnacle Goose |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e11369 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0011369|doi-access=free |pmid=20614027 |pmc=2894857 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...511369J }}</ref> Like all migratory birds, geese exhibit an ability to navigate using an internal compass, using a combination of innate and learned behaviors. The preferred direction of migration is heritable, and birds appear to orient themselves using Earth's magnetic field.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wiltschko |first=Roswitha |date=2017 |title=Navigation |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A |volume=203 |issue=6–7 |pages=455–463 |doi=10.1007/s00359-017-1160-1|pmid=28289837 }}</ref> Migrations occur over the course of several weeks, and up to 85% of migration time is spent at perennial stopover sites, where individuals rest and build up fat stores for further travel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blount |first1=J. David |last2=Horns |first2=Joshua J. |last3=Kittelberger |first3=Kyle D. |last4=Neate-Clegg |first4=Montague H.C. |last5=Sekercioglu |first5=Cagan H. |date=2021 |title=Avian Use of Agricultural Areas as Migration Stopover Sites: A Review of Crop Management Practices and Ecological Correlates |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=9 |pages=650641 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2021.650641|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021FrEEv...950641B }}</ref>

=== Formation ===
Geese, like other birds, fly in a [[V formation]]. This formation helps to conserve energy in flight, and aids in communication and monitoring of flock mates.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why do geese fly in a V?|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/why-do-geese-fly-in-a-v/|access-date=2021-12-08|website=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yong |first=Ed |date=2014-01-15 |title=Birds That Fly in a V Formation Use An Amazing Trick |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/birds-that-fly-in-a-v-formation-use-an-amazing-trick |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222220648/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/birds-that-fly-in-a-v-formation-use-an-amazing-trick |archive-date=February 22, 2021 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref> Using [[great white pelican]]s as a model species, researchers showed that flying in a V formation increased the aerodynamics of trailing birds, thus requiring fewer wing flaps to stay aloft and lowering individuals' heartrates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weimerskirch |first1=Henri |last2=Martin |first2=Julien |last3=Clerquin |first3=Yannick |last4=Alexandre |first4=Peggy |last5=Jiraskova |first5=Sarka |date=2001 |title=Energy Saving in Flight Formation |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35099670 |journal=Nature |volume=413 |issue=6857 |pages=697–698|doi=10.1038/35099670 |pmid=11607019 |bibcode=2001Natur.413..697W |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Leading geese switch positions on longer flights to allow for multiple individuals to gain benefits from the less energy-intensive trailing positions; in family groups, parental birds almost always lead.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mirzaeinia |first1=A. |last2=Heppner |first2=F. |last3=Hassanalian |first3=M. |date=2020 |title=An analytical study on leader and follower switching in V-shaped Canada Goose flocks for energy management purposes |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11721-020-00179-x |journal=Swarm Intelligence |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=117–141|doi=10.1007/s11721-020-00179-x |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Koelzch |first1=A. |last2=Flack |first2=A. |last3=Mueskens |first3=G.J.D.M. |last4=Kruckenberg |first4=H. |last5=Glazov |first5=P. |last6=Wikelski |first6=M. |date=2020 |title=Goose parents lead migration V |journal=Journal of Avian Biology |volume=51 |issue=3|doi=10.1111/jav.02392 |doi-access=free }}</ref>