Editing Grammatical conjugation (section)

==Examples==
[[Indo-European languages]] usually [[inflection|inflect]] verbs for several grammatical categories in complex [[Inflectional paradigm|paradigm]]s, although some, like English, have simplified verb conjugation to a large extent. Below is the conjugation of the verb ''to be'' in the present tense (of the infinitive, if it exists, and indicative moods), in [[English language|English]], [[German language|German]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Afrikaans]], [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], [[Faroese language|Faroese]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Latvian language|Latvian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Serbo-Croatian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Urdu]] or [[Hindi]], [[Bengali Language|Bengali]],  [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Latin]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Ancient Attic Greek]] and [[Modern Greek]]. This is usually the most irregular verb. The similarities in corresponding verb forms may be noticed. Some of the conjugations may be disused, like the English ''[[thou]]''-form, or have additional meanings, like the English ''[[you]]''-form, which can also stand for second person singular or be [[generic you|impersonal]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+ |"To be" in several Indo-European languages
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | Branch
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | Language
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | Present<br />infinitive
! colspan="6" | Present indicative
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular persons
! colspan="3" | Plural persons
|-
! 1st !! 2nd !! 3rd
! 1st !! 2nd !! 3rd
|-
| colspan="9" style="height:3px" |
|-
! style="text-align:left" rowspan="14" | Germanic
! style="text-align:left" | Proto-Germanic
| {{wikt-lang|gem-x-proto|*wesaną}}
| *immi
| *izi	
| *isti	
| *izum	
| *izud	
| *sindi	
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Anglo-Saxon
| {{wikt-lang|ang|wesan}}
| eom
| eart
| is
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | sind<br />sindon
|-
! style="text-align:left" | English
| {{wikt-lang|en|be}}
| am
| are<br />art<sup>1</sup><br />beest<sup>1</sup>
| is<br />are<sup>11</sup>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | are
|-
! style="text-align:left" | German
| {{wikt-lang|de|sein}}
| bin
| bist
| ist
| sind
| seid
| sind
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Yiddish<br /><small>''transliterated''</small>
| {{wikt-lang|yi|זײַן|זיין}}<br />{{transliteration|yi|zayn}}
| בין<br />''bin''
| ביסט<br />''bist''
| איז<br />''iz''
| זענען/זײַנען<br />''zenen/zaynen''
| זענט/זײַט<br />''zent/zayt''
| זענען/זײַנען<br />''zenen/zaynen''
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Luxembourgish
| {{wikt-lang|lb|sinn}}
| sinn
| bass
| ass
| sinn
| sidd
| sinn
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Dutch
| {{wikt-lang|nl|zijn}}
| ben
| bent<br />zijt<sup>2</sup>
| is
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | zijn
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Afrikaans
| {{wikt-lang|af|wees}}
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center" | is
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Old Norse
| {{wikt-lang|non|vesa}}<br />{{wikt-lang|non|vera}}
| em
| est<br />ert
| es<br />er
| erum
| eruð
| eru
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Icelandic
| {{wikt-lang|is|vera}}
| er
| ert
| er
| erum
| eruð
| eru
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Faroese
| {{wikt-lang|fo|vera}}
| eri
| ert
| er
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | eru
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Norwegian
| {{wikt-lang|no|være}}<sup>3</sup> <small>(Bokmål)</small><br />{{wikt-lang|no|vera}}, {{wikt-lang|no|vere}}<sup>4</sup> <small>(Nynorsk)</small>
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| er
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Danish
| {{wikt-lang|da|være}}
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center" | er
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Swedish
| {{wikt-lang|sv|vara}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | är
| colspan="3" style="text align:center" | är<br>äro<sup>5</sup>
|-
| colspan="9" style="height:3px" |
|-
! rowspan="13" style="text-align:left" | Italic
! style="text-align:left" | Latin
| esse
| {{wikt-lang|la|sum}}
| es
| est
| sumus
| estis
| sunt
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Italian
| {{wikt-lang|it|essere}}
| sono
| sei
| è
| siamo<br />semo<sup>5</sup>
| siete<br />sète<sup>5</sup>
| sono<br />enno<sup>5</sup>
|-
! style="text-align:left" | French
| {{wikt-lang|fr|être}}
| suis
| es
| est
| sommes
| êtes
| sont
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Catalan
| {{wikt-lang|ca|ésser}}<br />{{wikt-lang|ca|ser}}
| sóc
| ets<br />eres<sup>14</sup>
| és
| som
| sou
| són
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Lombard
| {{wikt-lang|lmo|vésser}}
| ''(a)'' son
| ''te'' sé
| ''l'''è
| som<br />sem<sup>5</sup>
| sî
| ''i'' è<br />''(i)'' enn<sup>14</sup>
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Venetian
| {{wikt-lang|vec|èsar}}
| son
| ''te'' si
| ''el'' ze
| semo
| si
| ''i'' ze
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Spanish
| {{wikt-lang|es|ser}}
| soy
| eres
| es
| somos
| sois
son
| son
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Galician
| {{wikt-lang|gl|ser}}
| son
| es
| é
| somos
| sodes
| son
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Portuguese
| {{wikt-lang|pt|ser}}
| sou
| és
| é
| somos
| sois
| são
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Sardinian ([[Limba Sarda Comuna|LSC]])
| {{wikt-lang|sc|èssere}}
| so
| ses
| est
| semus
| seis
| sunt
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Friulian
| {{wikt-lang|fur|jessi}}
| soi
| sês
| è
| sin
| sês
| son
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Neapolitan
| {{wikt-lang|nap|èssere}}
| songo, so
| sî
| è
| simmo
| site
| songo, so
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Romanian
| a {{wikt-lang|ro|fi}}
| sunt
| ești
| este
| suntem
| sunteți
| sunt
|-
| colspan="9" style="height:3px" |
|-
! style="text-align:left" rowspan="3" | Celtic
! style="text-align:left" | Irish
| bheith
| {{wikt-lang|ga|bím}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |bíonn
| bímid
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |bíonn
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Welsh (standard form)
| {{wikt-lang|cy|bod}}
| rydw
| rwyt
| mae
| rydych
| rydyn
| maen
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Breton
| {{wikt-lang|br|bezañ}}
| on
| out
| eo
| omp
| oc'h
| int
|-
| colspan="9" style="height:3px" |
|-
! style="text-align:left" rowspan="2" | Greek
! style="text-align:left" | Ancient<sup>6</sup><br /><small>''transliterated''</small>
| {{lang|grc|εἶναι}}<br />''eînai''
| {{lang|grc|εἰμί}}<br />''eimí''
| {{lang|grc|εἶ}}<br />''eî''
| {{lang|grc|ἐστί}}<br />''estí''
| {{lang|grc|ἐσμέν}}<br />''esmén''
| {{lang|grc|ἐστέ}}<br />''esté''
| {{lang|grc|εἰσί}}<br />''eisí''
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Modern<br /><small>''transliterated''</small>
| όντας<sup>7</sup><br />''óntas''
| είμαι<br />''eímai''
| είσαι<br />''eísai''
| είναι<br />''eínai''
| είμαστε<br />''eímaste''
| είσ(ασ)τε<br />''eís(as)te''
| είναι<br />''eínai''
|-
| colspan="9" style="height:3px" |
|-
! style="text-align:left" colspan="2" | Albanian
| ''me qenë''
| jam
| je
| është
| jemi
| jeni
| janë
|-
| colspan="9" style="height:3px" |
|-
! style="text-align:left" rowspan="2"| Armenian
! style="text-align:left" | Western<br /><small>''transliterated''</small>
| {{wikt-lang|hy|ըլլալ}}<br />ĕllal
| {{lang|hy|Եմ}}<br />''em''
| {{lang|hy|ես}}<br />''es''
| {{lang|hy|է}}<br />''ē''
| {{lang|hy|ենք}}<br />''enk‘''
| {{lang|hy|էք}}<br />''ēk‘''
| {{lang|hy|են}}<br />''en''
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Eastern<br /><small>''transliterated''</small>
| {{wikt-lang|hy|լինել}}<br />''linel''
| {{lang|hy|Եմ}}<br />''em''
| {{lang|hy|ես}}<br />''es''
| {{lang|hy|է}}<br />''ē''
| {{lang|hy|ենք}}<br />''enk‘''
| {{lang|hy|եք}}<br />''ek‘''
| {{lang|hy|են}}<br />''en''
|-
| colspan="9" style="height:3px" |
|-
! style="text-align:left" rowspan="10" | Slavic
! style="text-align:left" | Czech
| {{wikt-lang|cs|být}}
| jsem
| jsi
| je
| jsme
| jste
| jsou
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Slovak
| {{wikt-lang|sk|byť}}
| som
| si
| je
| sme
| ste
| sú
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Polish
| {{wikt-lang|pl|być}}
| jestem
| jesteś
| jest
| jesteśmy
| jesteście
| są
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Russian<br /><small>''transliterated''</small>
| {{wikt-lang|ru|быть}}<br />''byt'''
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center" | есть<br />''yest'''
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Ukrainian<br /><small>''transliterated''</small>
| {{wikt-lang|uk|бути}}<br />''buty''
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center" | є<br />''ye''
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Serbo-Croatian<small>'' strong''</small>
| biti
| jesam
| jesi
| jest(e)
| jesmo
| jeste
| jesu
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Serbo-Croatian<small>'' clitic''</small>
| ''none''
| sam
| si
| je
| smo
| ste
| su
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Slovenian
| biti
| sem
| si
| je
| smo
| ste
| so
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Bulgarian<br /><small>''transliterated''</small>
| ''none''
| {{wikt-lang|bg|съм}}<br />''săm''
| си<br />''si''
| е<br />''e''
| сме<br />''sme''
| сте<br />''ste''
| са<br />''să''
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Macedonian<br /><small>''transliterated''</small>
| ''none''
| {{wikt-lang|mk|сум}}<br />''sum''
| си<br />''si''
| е<br />''e''
| сме<br />''sme''
| сте<br />''ste''
| се<br />''se''
|-
| colspan="9" style="height:3px" |
|-
! style="text-align:left" rowspan="2"| Baltic
! style="text-align:left" | Latvian
| {{wikt-lang|lv|būt}}
| esmu
| esi
| ir
| esam
| esat
| ir
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Lithuanian
| {{wikt-lang|lt|būti}}
| esu
| esi
| yra
| esame
| esate
| yra
|-
| colspan="9" |
|-
! style="text-align:left" rowspan="7" | Indo-Iranian
! style="text-align:left" | Persian<small>''<br />transliterated''</small>
| {{wikt-lang|fa|بودن}} <br />''budan''
| {{lang|fa|ام}} <br />''æm''
| {{lang|fa|ای}} <br />''ei''
| {{lang|fa|(است (ا}}<br />''æst'' (''æ'')<sup>10</sup>
| {{lang|fa|ایم}} <br />''eem''
| {{lang|fa|(اید (این}}<br />''eed <small>(spoken: een)</small>''
| {{lang|fa|(اند (ان}} <br />''and <small>(spoken: an)</small>''
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Sanskrit<br /><small>''transliterated''</small>
| {{wikt-lang|sa|अस्ति}}<br/>''{{Transliteration|sa|asti}}''
| अस्मि<br>''asmi''
| असि<br>''asi''
| अस्ति<br>''asti''
| स्मः<br>''smah''
| स्थ<br>''stha''
| सन्ति<br>''santi''
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Hindustani<br><small>''Devanagari Script''</small><br><small>''Perso-Arabic Script''</small><br><small>''transliterated''</small> ''<small>([[ISO 15919|ISO 15819]])</small>''
| {{wikt-lang|hi|होना}}<br>{{lang|inc-Aran|{{nq|ہونا}}}}<br>{{Transliteration|hi|honā}}
| हूँ<br>{{lang|inc-Aran|{{nq|ہوں}}}}<br>''hūm̥''
| colspan="2" | है<br>{{lang|inc-Aran|{{nq|ہے}}}}<br>''hai''
| हैं<br>{{lang|inc-Aran|{{nq|ہیں}}}}<br>''haim̥''
| हो<br>{{lang|inc-Aran|{{nq|ہو}}}}<br>''ho''
| हैं<br>{{lang|inc-Aran|{{nq|ہیں}}}}<br>''haim̥''
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Marathi<br /><small>''transliterated ([[ISO 15919|ISO 15819]])''</small>
| {{wikt-lang|mr|असणे}}<br/>{{Transliteration|mr|asṇe}}
| आहे<br>''āhe''
| आहेस<br>''āhes''
| आहे<br>''āhe''
| आहोत<br>''āhot''
| आहात<br>''āhāt''
| आहेत<br>''āhet''
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Gujarati<br /><small>''transliterated ([[ISO 15919|ISO 15819]])''</small>
| {{wikt-lang|gu|હોવું}}<br>{{Transliteration|gu|hovũ}}
| છું<br>''chũ''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | છે<br>''che''
| છીએ<br>''chīe''
| છો<br>''cho''
| છે<br>''che''
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Bengali<br /><small>''transliterated ([[ISO 15919|ISO 15819]])''</small>
| {{wikt-lang|bn|হওয়া}}<br>{{Transliteration|bn|hôoā}}
| হই<br>''hoi''
| হও<sup>12</sup><br>''hôo''
| হয়<sup>12</sup><br>''hôy''
| হই<br>''hoi''
| হও<sup>12</sup><br>''hôo''
| হয়<sup>12</sup><br>''hôy''
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Assamese<br /><small>''transliterated ([[ISO 15919|ISO 15819]])''</small>
| {{wikt-lang|as|হোৱা}}<br>{{Transliteration|as|hüa}}
| হওঁ<br>''hoü̃''
| হোৱা<br>''hüa''
| হয়<br>''hoy''
| হওঁ<br>''hoü̃''
| হোৱা<br>''hüa''
| হয়<br>''hoy''
|}

:<sup>1</sup> Archaic, poetical; used only with the pronoun 'thou'.
:<sup>2</sup> In Flemish dialects.
:<sup>3</sup> In the [[bokmål]] written standard.
:<sup>4</sup> In the [[nynorsk]] written standard. ''vera'' and ''vere'' are both alternate forms.
:<sup>5</sup> Archaic
:<sup>6</sup> Attic.
:<sup>7</sup> 'eínai' is only used as a noun ("being, existence").
:<sup>8</sup> Ptc: {{wikt-lang|sq|qenë}}.
:<sup>9</sup> In the Tosk and Geg dialects, respectively.
:<sup>10</sup> Existential: هست (hæst) has another meaning. Usage of (''æ'') is considered to be colloquial, now. See, [[Indo-European copula]]
:<sup>11</sup> With the [[Singular they]] 3rd person pronoun.
:<sup>12</sup> Bengali verbs are further conjugated according to [[T–V distinction|formality]]. There are three verb forms for 2nd person pronouns: হও (''hôo'', familiar), হোস (''hoś'', very familiar) and হন (''hôn'', polite). Also two forms for 3rd person pronouns: হয় (''hôy'', familiar) and হন (''hôn'', polite). Plural verb forms are exact same as singular.
:<sup>13</sup> Valencian.
:<sup>14</sup> Western varieties only.