Editing Grindcore (section)

== History ==
=== Precursors ===
The early grindcore scene relied on an international network of [[tape trading]] and [[DIY ethic|DIY]] production.<ref name=grind44>"Grindcore Special", p. 44.</ref> The most widely acknowledged precursors of the grindcore sound are [[Siege (band)|Siege]]<ref>Steven Blush, "Boston Not L.A.", ''American Hardcore'', Feral House, p. 171.</ref> and [[Repulsion (band)|Repulsion]], an early [[death metal]] outfit.<ref name=repulsion>{{cite magazine|author=Matthew Widener |title=Scared to Death: The Making of Repulsion's ''Horrified''|magazine=Decibel no. 46|date=August 2008|pages=63–69|isbn=9780306818066|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV3_AgAAQBAJ&q=widener+horrified+%22scared+to+death%22&pg=PA73 |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> Siege, from [[Weymouth, Massachusetts]], were influenced by classic [[Music of the United States#Rock, metal, and punk|American]] [[hardcore punk|hardcore]] ([[Minor Threat]], [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]], [[Void (band)|Void]]) and by [[Music of the United Kingdom (1980s)|British]] groups like [[Discharge (band)|Discharge]], [[Venom (band)|Venom]], and [[Motörhead]].<ref name=Siege>Mudrian 2004, p. 50.</ref> Siege's goal was maximum velocity: "We would listen to the fastest punk and hardcore bands we could find and say, 'Okay, we're gonna deliberately write something that is faster than them{{'"}}, drummer Robert Williams recalled.{{r|Siege}} Repulsion is sometimes credited with inventing the classic grind [[blast beat]] (played at 190 [[beats per minute|bpm]]), as well as its distinctive bass tone.{{r|repulsion}} [[Kevin Sharp (heavy metal)|Kevin Sharp]] of [[Brutal Truth]] declares that "''[[Horrified]]'' was and still is the defining core of what grind became; a perfect mix of hardcore punk with metallic gore, speed and distortion."<ref name=autogenerated2>"Grindcore Special", p. 41.</ref> Writer Freddy Alva credited [[NYC Mayhem]] as a notable precursor, calling them "arguably one of the fastest bands on the planet back [in the mid 1980s]".<ref>{{cite web |title=FREDDY ALVA |url=http://www.swnk.org/interviews/freddy-alva/ |access-date=28 July 2018 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728190929/http://www.swnk.org/interviews/freddy-alva/ |archive-date=July 28, 2018}}</ref>

Other groups in the British grindcore scene, such as [[Heresy (band)|Heresy]] and [[Unseen Terror]], have emphasized the influence of American [[hardcore punk]], including [[Septic Death]], as well as Swedish [[D-beat]].<ref name=grind43>"Grindcore Special," p. 43.</ref> [[Sore Throat (grindcore band)|Sore Throat]] cites Discharge, [[Disorder (band)|Disorder]], and a variety of European D-beat and thrash metal groups, including [[Hellhammer]],<ref name=autogenerated1>"Grindcore Special", p. 45.</ref> and American hardcore groups, such as [[Poison Idea]] and D.R.I.{{r|autogenerated1}} [[Japanese hardcore]], particularly [[GISM]], is also mentioned by a number of originators of the style.<ref name=grind52>"Grindcore Special", p. 52.</ref> Other key groups cited by current and former members of Napalm Death as formative influences include Discharge,<ref name=recollections>"Dark Recollections: Napalm Death, Scum," ''Terrorizer'', issue 183, May 2009, p. 84-85</ref> [[Amebix]],<ref name= knac2003>{{cite web|url= http://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=1770|title= Fire in the Belly: Interview With Napalm Death's Mark "Barney" Greenway|author= Atkinson, Peter|date= 7 February 2003|publisher=KNAC.COM|access-date= 19 June 2008}}</ref> [[Throbbing Gristle]],<ref name=mudrian3104>Mudrian 2004, page 31.</ref> and the aforementioned Dirty Rotten Imbeciles.{{r|mudrian3104}} [[Post-punk]], such as [[Killing Joke]]{{r|recollections}} and [[Joy Division]],<ref>Interview with Mick Harris, DVD half of Napalm Death's ''[[Scum (Napalm Death album)|Scum]]'' 20 year anniversary [[reissue]].</ref> was also cited as an influence on early Napalm Death.

===British grindcore===
[[File:Napalm Death, Lemon Tree, Aberdeen, 16th August 2007.jpg|thumb|right|Grindcore pioneers Napalm Death in a 2007 show]]
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| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XObk8-YLkNA&feature=channel_page Napalm Death live in Germany, 1987], from [https://www.youtube.com/ YouTube], authorized by [[Earache Records]].
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Grindcore, as such, was developed during the mid-1980s in the United Kingdom by [[Napalm Death]], a group who emerged from the [[anarcho-punk]] scene in Birmingham, England.<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 11">Glasper 2009, p. 11</ref> While their first recordings were in the vein of [[Crass (band)|Crass]],<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 11" /> they eventually became associated with [[crust punk]],<ref name=crust>"Crustgrind", "Grindcore Special" part 2, p. 46</ref> The group began to take on increasing elements of [[thrashcore]], [[post-punk]], and [[power electronics (music)|power electronics]], and began describing their sound as "Siege with [[Celtic Frost]] riffs".<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 12</ref> The group also went through many changes in personnel.<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 14">Glasper 2009, p. 14</ref> A major shift in style took place after [[Mick Harris]] became the group's drummer.<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 14" /> Punk historian Ian Glasper indicates that "For several months gob-smacked audiences weren't sure whether Napalm Death were actually a serious band any longer, such was the undeniable novelty of their hyper-speed new drummer."<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 14" /> Albert Mudrian's research suggests that the name "grindcore" was coined by Harris. When asked about coming up with the term, Harris said:

{{Blockquote|Grindcore came from "grind", which was the only word I could use to describe [[Swans (band)|Swans]] after buying their first record in '84. Then with this new hardcore movement that started to really blossom in '85, I thought "grind" really fit because of the speed so I started to call it grindcore.<ref>Mudrian 2004, page 35.</ref>}}

Other sources contradict Harris' claim. In a ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' magazine article written about the genre, [[Steven Blush]] declares that "the man often credited" for dubbing the style grindcore was [[Shane Embury]], Napalm Death's bassist since 1987. Embury offers his own account of how the grindcore "sound" came to be:

{{Blockquote|As far as how this whole sound got started, we were really into [[Celtic Frost]], Siege – which is a hardcore band from [[Boston]] – a lot of hardcore and death-metal bands, and some industrial-noise bands like the early Swans. So, we just created a mesh of all those things. It's just everything going at a hundred miles per hour, basically.<ref name= blush36>Blush 1991, page 36</ref>}}

[[Earache Records]] founder [[Digby Pearson]] concurs with Embury, saying that Napalm Death "put hardcore and metal through an accelerator."<ref>Blush 1991, page 35</ref> Pearson, however, said that grindcore "wasn't just about the speed of [the] drums, blast beats, etc." He claimed that "it actually was coined to describe the guitars – heavy, downtuned, bleak, harsh riffing guitars [that] 'grind', so that's what the genre was described as, by the musicians who were its innovators [and] proponents."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://askearache.blogspot.com/2007_04_01_archive.html|title= Godflesh/PSI etc – are they Grind?|author= Pearson, Digby|date= 26 April 2007|publisher=Ask earache – BraveWords.com|access-date=15 June 2008}}</ref>

While abrasive, grindcore achieved a measure of mainstream visibility. ''[[New Musical Express]]'' featured Napalm Death on their cover in 1988, declaring them "the fastest band in the world."<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 22</ref> As James Hoare, deputy editor of ''[[Terrorizer Magazine|Terrorizer]]'', writes:
{{Blockquote|It can be argued that no strand of [[extreme metal]] (with a touch of [[hardcore punk|hardcore]] and [[post-punk]] tossed in for flavouring), has had so big an impact outside the gated community of patch-jackets and [[circle pit|circle-pits]] as grindcore has in the UK. [...] the genre is a part of the British musical experience.<ref>James Hoare, ''Terrorizer'', #180, February 2009, p. 1.</ref>}}

Napalm Death's seismic impact inspired other British grindcore groups in the 1980s, among them [[Extreme Noise Terror]],<ref name=crust /> [[Carcass (band)|Carcass]] and [[Sore Throat (grindcore band)|Sore Throat]].<ref name="vonhavoc">Felix von Havoc, ''Maximum Rock'n'Roll'' #198. {{cite web|url=http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/1/20 |title=Havoc Records and Distribution |access-date=20 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605102813/http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/1/20 |archive-date=5 June 2008 }} Archived by Havoc Records. Access date: 20 June 2008.</ref> Extreme Noise Terror, from Ipswich, formed in 1984.<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 273</ref> With the goal of becoming "the most extreme hardcore punk band of all time,"<ref>Dean Jones, quoted in Glasper 2009, p. 273</ref> the group took Mick Harris from Napalm Death in 1987.<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 275">Glasper 2009, p. 275</ref> Ian Glasper describes the group as "pissed-off hateful noise with its roots somewhere between early Discharge and Disorder, with [vocalists] Dean [Jones] and Phil [Vane] pushing their trademark vocal extremity to its absolute limit."<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 275" /> In 1991, the group collaborated with the [[acid house]] group [[The KLF]], appearing onstage with the group at the [[Brit Awards]] in 1992.<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 277</ref> Carcass released ''[[Reek of Putrefaction]]'' in 1988, which [[John Peel]] declared his favorite album of the year despite its very poor production.<ref>Mudrian 2004, p. 132</ref> The band's focus on gore and anatomical decay, lyrically and in sleeve artwork, inspired the [[goregrind]] subgenre.<ref name="Widener" /> Sore Throat, said by Ian Glasper to have taken "perhaps the most uncompromisingly anti-music stance"<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 237</ref> were inspired by crust punk as well as industrial music.<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 238</ref> Some listeners, such as Digby Pearson, considered them to be simply an in-joke or parody of grindcore.<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 502</ref>

In the subsequent decade, two pioneers of the style became increasingly commercially viable. According to [[Nielsen Soundscan]], Napalm Death sold 367,654 units between May 1991 and November 2003, while Carcass sold 220,374 units in the same period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=16769 |title=It's Official: CANNIBAL CORPSE Are The Top-Selling Death Metal Band Of The SoundScan Era |date=17 November 2003 |publisher=Roadrunnerrecords.com|access-date=3 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602230201/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=16769 |archive-date=2 June 2008 }}</ref> The inclusion of Napalm Death's "[[Fear, Emptiness, Despair|Twist the Knife (Slowly)]]" on the ''[[Mortal Kombat (soundtrack)|Mortal Kombat]]'' soundtrack brought the band much greater visibility, as the compilation scored a Top 10 position in the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.billboard.com/charts/1995-09-23/billboard-200|title= Billboard 200: Week of September 23, 1995|publisher= Rovi Corporation|access-date= 27 March 2011}}</ref> and went [[Music recording sales certification|platinum]] in less than a year.<ref name="RIAA_Certificate">{{cite web|title=Search Results for Mortal Kombat|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=mortal+kombat|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> The originators of the style have expressed some ambivalence regarding the subsequent popularity of grindcore. Pete Hurley, the guitarist of Extreme Noise Terror, declared that he had no interest in being remembered as a pioneer of this style: "''grindcore'' was a legendarily stupid term coined by a hyperactive kid from the West Midlands, and it had nothing to do with us whatsoever. ENT were, are, and – I suspect – always will be a hardcore punk band... not a grindcore band, a stenchcore band, a trampcore band, or any other sub-sub-sub-core genre-defining term you can come up with."<ref>Glasper 2009, 279</ref> [[Lee Dorrian]] of Napalm Death indicated that "Unfortunately, I think the same thing happened to grindcore, if you want to call it that, as happened to punk rock – all the great original bands were just plagiarised by a billion other bands who just copied their style identically, making it no longer original and no longer extreme."<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 25</ref>

=== North American grindcore ===
[[Image:Seth with AxCx at Relapse Festival 1993 crop.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Seth Putnam]] of Anal Cunt at Relapse Festival, 1993]]
[[Image:BrutalTruth by Christian Misje 02.jpg|thumb|Brutal Truth live at Hole In The Sky, Bergen Metal Fest 2008]]
Journalist Kevin Stewart-Panko argues that the American grindcore of the 1990s borrowed from three sources: British grindcore, the American precursors, and [[death metal]].<ref name=usgrind>Kevin Stewart-Panko, "Altered States," "Grindcore Special" part 2, p. 42-43.</ref> As early Napalm Death albums were not widely distributed in the United States, American groups tended to take inspiration from later works, such as ''[[Harmony Corruption]]''.<ref name=usgrind/> American groups also often employ riffs taken from [[crossover thrash]] or [[thrash metal]].<ref name=usgrind/> Early American grind practitioners included [[Terrorizer]] and [[Assück]].<ref name="vonhavoc"/> [[Anal Cunt]], a particularly dissonant group who lacked a bass player, were also particularly influential.<ref name=usgrind/> Their style was sometimes referred to as "noisecore" or "noisegrind", described by Giulio of [[Cripple Bastards]] as "the most anti-musical and nihilistic face of extreme music at that time."<ref name=grind44/><ref name=lilker/> [[Brutal Truth]] was a groundbreaking group in the American scene at the beginning of the 1990s.<ref name="vonhavoc"/>

However, Sharp indicates that they were more inspired by the thrash metal of [[Dark Angel (band)|Dark Angel]] than the British groups.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> [[Discordance Axis]] had a more technical style of playing than many of the predecessors, and had a much more ornate visual and production style.<ref name=usgrind/> [[Scott Hull (musician)|Scott Hull]] is prominent in the contemporary grindcore scene, through his participation in [[Pig Destroyer]] and [[Agoraphobic Nosebleed]].<ref name = m265/> ANb's ''[[Frozen Corpse Stuffed with Dope]]'' has been described as "the ''[[Paul's Boutique]]'' of grindcore", by ''Village Voice'' critic Phil Freeman, for its "hyper-referential, impossibly dense barrage of samples, blast beats, answering machine messages, and incomprehensibly bellowed rants."<ref>Phil Freeman, "Gratuitous Grindcore Gross-Out Gimps' Glade and Guns Get Guffaws", ''Village Voice'', 13 September 2005. [http://www.villagevoice.com/2005-09-13/music/gratuitous-grindcore-gross-out-gimps-glade-and-guns-get-guffaws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819152621/http://www.villagevoice.com/2005-09-13/music/gratuitous-grindcore-gross-out-gimps-glade-and-guns-get-guffaws/|date=19 August 2014}} Access date: 19 July 2008.</ref> Pig Destroyer is inspired by thrash metal, such as Dark Angel and [[Slayer]], the [[sludge metal]] of the [[Melvins]], and grindcore practiced by Brutal Truth,<ref name="abpd">Anthony Bartkewicz, "Pig Destroyer", ''Decibel'', July 2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070913162946/http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/jul2007/pigdestroyer.aspx] Access date: 24 July 2008</ref> while Agoraphobic Nosebleed takes cues from [[thrashcore]] and [[powerviolence]], like D.R.I. and [[Crossed Out]].<ref name=abpd/><ref>Bryan Reed, ''The Daily Tar Heel'', 19 July 2007. [http://www.dailytarheel.com/index.php/article/2007/07/phantom_limb_exorcises_its_emotions] Access date: 27 March 2011.</ref>

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| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvjGipvKaF0&feature=PlayList&p=A0AE5902F7B7D8BD&index=4 Pig Destroyer's "Gravedancer"], from [https://www.youtube.com/ YouTube], authorized by [[Relapse Records]].
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[[The Locust]], from San Diego,<ref name=m265>Mudrian, p. 265</ref> also take inspiration from powerviolence (Crossed Out, [[Dropdead]]), first-wave [[screamo]] (Angel Hair), obscure [[experimental rock]] ([[Art Bears]], [[Renaldo and the Loaf]]), and death metal.<ref>''LA Weekly'', 18 September 2003 {{cite web|url=http://www.brassland.org/ahb/writing/archives/2003/09/a_day_with_the.html |title=Writing: A Day with the Locust |access-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305104850/http://www.brassland.org/ahb/writing/archives/2003/09/a_day_with_the.html |archive-date=5 March 2009 }} Access date: 24 July 2008</ref> The Locust were sometimes described as "[[hipster (contemporary subculture)|hipster]] grind" because of their fan base and fashion choices.<ref name=usgrind/> In Los Angeles, [[Hole (band)|Hole]] also initially drew influence from grindcore in their early releases, particularly on their singles "[[Dicknail]]" and "[[Teenage Whore]]", as well as on their debut album, ''[[Pretty on the Inside]]'' (1991),<ref name="first">{{cite AV media notes
| title       = The First Session
| others    =Hole
| year        = 1995
| chapter  = Flipside Interview from issue #68, September/October 1990
| publisher   = Sympathy for the Record Industry, Flipside Magazine
}}</ref> all of which featured sexually provocative and violent lyrics, as well as the heavy distortion and fluctuating tempo that distinguished the genre. Frontwoman [[Courtney Love]] stated that she wanted to capture the distinguishing elements of grindcore while incorporating more pop-based melodic structure, although the band distanced themselves from the style in their later releases.<ref name="first" />

Other later prominent grindcore groups of North America include [[Brujeria (band)|Brujeria]],<ref>Jason Birchmeier, ''Matando Güeros'' review, Allmusic. [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r184749|pure_url=yes}}] Access date: 3 October 2008.</ref> [[Soilent Green]],<ref>D. Shawn Bosler, "Soilent Green", ''Decibel'', September 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070808184328/http://decibelmagazine.com/features/sep2005/soilent_green.aspx] Access date: 3 October 2008.</ref> [[Cephalic Carnage]], [[Impetigo (band)|Impetigo]],<ref>John Book, Ultimo Mondo Cannibale review, Allmusic. [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r9778|pure_url=yes}}] Access date: 3 October 2008.</ref> and [[Circle of Dead Children]].<ref>Alex Henderson, The Genocide Machine review, Allmusic. [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r526333|pure_url=yes}}] Access date: 3 October 2008.</ref> [[Fuck the Facts]], a Canadian group, practice classic grindcore, characterized by the "metronome-precision drumming and riffing [that] abound, as well as vocal screams and growls" by ''[[AllMusic]]'' reviewer Greg Prato.<ref>Greg Prato, ''Stigmata High-Five'' review, Allmusic. [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r850772|pure_url=yes}}] Access date: 21 March 2009.</ref>

=== Continental European grindcore ===
[[Image:Rotten Sound - Kuopio Rockcock - 02.JPG|thumb|left|Finnish grindcore group Rotten Sound performing in Kuopio in 2008]]
European groups, such as [[Agathocles (band)|Agathocles]], from Belgium,<ref name="vonhavoc"/> [[Patareni]], of Croatia, and [[:de:Fear of God (Schweiz)|Fear of God]], from Switzerland, are important early practitioners of the style.<ref>"Grindcore Special", p. 54.</ref> Filthy Christians, who signed to Earache Records in 1989, introduced the style in Sweden,<ref>Ekeroth, p. 262.</ref> D.D.T. & Fear of Dog were pioneering  grind & noise in Serbia since mid-end of '80, [[Extreme Smoke|Extreme Smoke 57]] in Slovenia at the early beginning of the '90, while [[Cripple Bastards]] established Italian grindcore.<ref name=grind43 /> Giulio of Cripple Bastards asserts that the name itself took some time to migrate from Britain, with the style being referred to as "death-[[thrashcore]]" for a time in Europe.<ref name=grind43/>
[[Nasum]], who emerged from the [[Swedish death metal]] scene,<ref>Ekeroth, p. 263, 381.</ref> became a popular group, addressing political topics from a personal perspective.<ref name=jakobson>Anders Jakobson interview, "Grindcore Special" part 2, p. 56.</ref>

Anders Jakobson, their drummer, reported that "It was all these different types of people who enjoyed what we were doing. [...] We made grindcore a bit easier to listen to at the expense of the diehard grindcore fans who thought that we were, well, not [[selling out|sellouts]], but not really true to the original essence of grindcore."<ref name=jakobson/> Other Swedish groups, such as [[General Surgery (band)|General Surgery]] and [[Regurgitate (band)|Regurgitate]], practiced goregrind.<ref>Ekeroth, p. 263.</ref> [[Inhume (band)|Inhume]], from the Netherlands,<ref>Eduardo Rivadavia, In for the Kill review, Allmusic. [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r670927|pure_url=yes}}] Access date: 3 October 2008.</ref> [[Rotten Sound]], from Finland,<ref>Paul Kott, Still Psycho review, Allmusic. [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r494191|pure_url=yes}}] Access date: 3 October 2008.</ref> and [[Leng Tch'e]], from Belgium,<ref>Cosmo Lee, ''Stylus'', 25 July 2008 {{cite web|url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/leng-tche/the-process-of-elimination.htm |title=Leng TCH'e - the Process of Elimination - Review - Stylus Magazine |access-date=23 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108131213/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/leng-tche/the-process-of-elimination.htm |archive-date=8 January 2009 }} Access date: 23 July 2008.</ref> were subsequent European groups who practiced grindcore with death metal inflections. In 2000s, the Belgium-based [[Aborted]] "had grown into the role of key contributors to the death-grind genres".<ref name=allmusic>{{cite web |author=Rivadavia, Eduardo |title=Aborted |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p568178|pure_url=yes}} |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=10 June 2009}}</ref>

=== Grindcore in Asian countries ===
In 2010, [[Singaporean]] band [[Wormrot]] signed a [[recording contract]] with [[Earache Records]].<ref name="Pearson">{{cite news|url=http://askearache.blogspot.com/2010/01/how-did-earache-sign-wormrot.html|title=How did Earache sign Wormrot?|last=Pearson|first=Digby|date=31 January 2010|publisher=[[Earache Records]]|access-date=11 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bravewords.com/news/131192|title=Wormrot ink deal with Earache Records|date=27 January 2010|work=[[BW&BK]]|access-date=11 July 2010|archive-date=29 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929122428/http://www.bravewords.com/news/131192|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2019, [[Philippines|Filipino]] band TUBERO signed a [[recording contract]] with Tower of Doom Records.<ref name="Asia">{{cite news|url=https://uniteasia.org/yo-massive-news-metal-madmen-tubero-signed-tower-doom-philippines/.html|title=Yo – This Is MASSIVE News – Metal Madmen Tubero Have Signed to Tower of Doom [Philippines]|last=Unite|first=Asia|date=17 July 2019|publisher=[[Tower of Doom Records|Tower of Doom]]|access-date=17 July 2019}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>