Editing Guttural R (section)

===Spanish===
In most Spanish-speaking territories and regions, guttural or uvular realizations of {{IPA|/r/}} are considered a [[speech defect]]. Generally the single flap {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, spelled ''r'' as in ''cara'', undergoes no defective pronunciations, but the alveolar trill in ''rata'' or ''perro'' is one of the last sounds learned by children and [[uvularization]] is likely among individuals who fail to achieve the alveolar articulation. This said, back variants for {{IPA|/r/}} ({{IPA|[ʀ]}}, {{IPA|[x]}} or {{IPA|[χ]}}) are widespread in rural [[Puerto Rican Spanish]] and in the dialect of [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]],<ref>Navarro-Tomás, T. (1948). "El español en Puerto Rico". ''Contribución a la geografía lingüística latinoamericana''. Río Piedras: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, pp. 91-93.</ref> whereas they are heavily stigmatized in the dialect of the [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|capital]].<ref>López-Morales, H. (1983). ''Estratificación social del español de San Juan de Puerto Rico''. México: UNAM.</ref> To a lesser extent, velar variants of {{IPA|/r/}} are found in some rural Cuban ([[Yateras]], [[Guantánamo Province]])<ref>López-Morales, H. (1992). ''El español del Caribe''. Madrid: MAPFRE, p. 61.</ref> and Dominican vernaculars ([[Cibao]], eastern rural regions of the country)<ref>Jiménez-Sabater, M. (1984). ''Más datos sobre el español de la República Dominicana''. Santo Domingo: Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, p. 87.</ref> In the 1937 [[Parsley Massacre]], Dominican troops attacked Haitians in Cibao and the northwestern border. The popular name of the massacre comes from the [[shibboleth]] applied to distinguish Dominicans from Haitians: the suspects were ordered to name some [[parsley]] ({{langx|es|link=no|perejil}}). If they used a French or [[Haitian Creole]] pronunciation for {{lang|es-DO|r}} or {{lang|es-DO|j}}, they would be executed.

In the [[#Basque|Basque]]-speaking areas of Spain, the uvular articulation {{IPA|[ʁ]}} has a higher prevalence among bilinguals than among Spanish monolinguals.<ref name="Basque"/>