Editing HMS Endeavour (section)

===Voyage of discovery===
{{main|First voyage of James Cook}}

====Outward voyage====
''Endeavour'' departed Plymouth on 26 August 1768, carrying 18 months of provisions for 94 people.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=4}}{{efn|Provisions loaded at the outset of the voyage included 6,000 pieces of pork and 4,000 of beef, nine tons of bread, five tons of flour, three tons of sauerkraut, one ton of raisins and sundry quantities of cheese, salt, peas, oil, sugar and oatmeal. Alcohol supplies consisted of 250 barrels of beer, 44 barrels of brandy and 17 barrels of rum.<ref>Minutes of the Royal Navy Victualling Board, 15 June 1768, cited in Beaglehole 1968, p. 613</ref>}} Livestock on board included pigs, poultry, two greyhounds and a milking goat.<ref>Marquardt 1995, p. 15</ref>

The first port of call was [[Funchal]] in the [[Madeira Islands]], which ''Endeavour'' reached on 12 September. The ship was recaulked and painted, and fresh vegetables, beef and water were brought aboard for the next leg of the voyage.<ref name="Hough7576">Hough 1995, pp. 75–76</ref> While in port, an accident cost the life of master's mate Robert Weir, who became entangled in the anchor cable and was dragged overboard when the anchor was released.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=7}}  To replace him, Cook [[Impressment|pressed]] a sailor from an American sloop anchored nearby.<ref name="Hough7576"/>{{efn|The pressed man was John Thurman, born in New York but a British subject and therefore eligible for involuntary impressment aboard a Royal Navy vessel.<ref name="Hough7576"/> Thurman journeyed with ''Endeavour'' to Tahiti where he was promoted to the position of sailmaker's assistant, and then to New Zealand and Australia. He died of disease on 3 February 1771, during the voyage between Batavia and Cape Town.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=596}}}}

''Endeavour'' then continued south along the coast of Africa and across the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] to South America, arriving in [[Rio de Janeiro]] on 13 November 1768. Fresh food and water were brought aboard and the ship departed for [[Cape Horn]], which she reached during stormy weather on 13 January 1769. Attempts to round the Cape over the next two days were unsuccessful, and ''Endeavour'' was repeatedly driven back by wind, rain and contrary tides. Cook noted that the seas off the Cape were large enough to regularly submerge the bow of the ship as she rode down from the crests of waves.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=41–44}} At last, on 16 January the wind eased and the ship was able to pass the Cape and anchor in the [[Bahia Buen Suceso|Bay of Good Success]] on the Pacific coast<!--the attached map doesn't seem to show this, although it does show a considerable trip towards Antarctica, which is not mentioned; why is this?-->.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=41-44}} The crew were sent to collect wood and water, while Banks and his team gathered hundreds of plant specimens from along the icy shore. On 17 January two of Banks' servants died from cold while attempting to return to the ship during a heavy snowstorm.<ref>Hough 1995, pp. 91–97</ref>

''Endeavour'' resumed her voyage on 21 January 1769,<!--did they spend a month collecting plants in one spot??--> heading west-northwest into warmer weather. She reached [[Tahiti]] on 10 April,<ref name="Courier1878">{{cite news |last=McDermott |first=Peter Joseph |title=Pacific Exploration |work=The Brisbane Courier |page=5 |publisher=Brisbane Newspaper Company Ltd |date=6 November 1878 |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1376345?searchTerm=James+Cook|access-date=27 August 2008 }}</ref> where she remained for the next three months. The transit of Venus across the Sun occurred on 3 June, and was observed from three separate observatories set up on the shore (there had been concerns that cloud might obscure the event, so additional positions were established to reduce this risk). The main observatory at Fort Venus (now called [[Point Venus]]) was equipped with three telescopes and manned by astronomer Charles Green, Cook, and Robert Molyneux, the master of the ''Endeavour''.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=181-183}}

====Pacific exploration====
The transit observed, ''Endeavour'' departed Tahiti on 13 July and headed northwest to allow Cook to survey and name the [[Society Islands]].<ref name="Rigby34">Rigby and van der Merwe 2002, p. 34</ref> Landfall was made at Huahine, Raiatea and Borabora, providing opportunities for Cook to claim each of them as British territories. An attempt to land the pinnace on the [[Austral Islands|Austral Island]] of [[Rurutu (Austral Islands)|Rurutu]] was thwarted by rough surf and the rocky shoreline.<ref>Hough 1995, pp. 133–134</ref> On 15 August, ''Endeavour'' finally turned south to explore the open ocean for ''Terra Australis Incognita''.<ref name="Rigby34"/>

In October 1769, ''Endeavour'' reached the coastline of New Zealand, becoming the first European vessel to do so since [[Abel Tasman]]'s ''Heemskerck'' in 1642.<ref name="Rigby34"/> Unfamiliar with such ships, the [[Māori people]] at Cook's first landing point in [[Poverty Bay]] thought the ship was a floating island, or a gigantic bird from their mythical homeland of [[Hawaiki]].<ref name="ANMM584">{{cite web |title=HMB ''Endeavour'' replica – Cook and Endeavour: Endeavour's People |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |year=2008 |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=584 |access-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080720095453/http://www.anmm.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=584 |archive-date = 20 July 2008}}</ref> ''Endeavour'' spent the next six months sailing close to shore,<ref name="Courier1878"/> while Cook mapped the coastline and concluded that New Zealand comprised two large islands and was not the hoped-for ''Terra Australis''. In March 1770, the longboat from ''Endeavour'' carried Cook ashore to allow him to formally proclaim British sovereignty over New Zealand.<ref name="Courier1878"/> On his return, ''Endeavour'' resumed her voyage westward, her crew sighting the east coast of Australia on 19 April.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=299}} On 29 April, she became the first European vessel to make landfall on the east coast of Australia, when Cook landed one of the ship's boats on the southern shore of what is now known as [[Botany Bay]], [[New South Wales]].<ref>Hough 1995, pp. 168–170</ref>
[[Image:Endeavour track chart.jpg|center|thumb|600px|alt=Map: A line runs from Rio de Janeiro in South America, generally southward to Cape Horn and then west and northwest through the south Pacific Ocean to Tahiti and the Society Islands. The line then moves south and west to New Zealand, west to the Australian coast and north to Cape York.|An 1893 chart showing ''Endeavour''{{'s}} track]]

====Shipwreck====
[[File:Tile on street depictng HMB Endeavour. Cooktown. 2005.jpg|thumb|Tile on street depicting HMS ''Endeavour''. Cooktown. 2005]]
For the next four months, Cook charted the coast of Australia, heading generally northward. Just before 11:00&nbsp;pm on 11 June 1770, the ship struck a reef,{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=343–345}} today called [[Endeavour Reef]], within the [[Great Barrier Reef]] system. The sails were immediately taken down, a [[Anchor#Kedging|kedging anchor]] set and an unsuccessful attempt was made to drag the ship back to open water. The reef ''Endeavour'' had struck rose so steeply from the seabed that although the ship was hard aground, Cook measured depths up to {{convert|70|ft}} less than one ship's length away.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=343–345}}

Cook then ordered that the ship be lightened to help her float off the reef. Iron and stone ballast, spoiled stores and all but four of the ship's guns were thrown overboard, and the ship's drinking water pumped out.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=343–345}} The crew attached [[buoy]]s to the discarded guns with the intention of retrieving them later,<ref name="Parkin317">Parkin 2003, p. 317</ref> but this proved impractical. Every man on board took turns on the pumps, including Cook and Banks.<ref>Parkin 2003, p. 313</ref>

When, by Cook's reckoning, about {{convert|40|to|50|long ton|t}} of equipment had been thrown overboard, on the next high tide a second unsuccessful attempt was made to pull the ship free.<ref>Hough 1995, p. 179</ref> In the afternoon of 12 June, the longboat carried out two large bower anchors, and block and tackle were rigged to the anchor cables to allow another attempt on the evening high tide. The ship had started to take on water through a hole in her hull. Although the leak would certainly increase once off the reef, Cook decided to risk the attempt and at 10:20&nbsp;pm the ship was floated on the tide and successfully drawn off.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=345–346}} The anchors were retrieved, except for one which could not be freed from the seabed and had to be abandoned.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=345–346}}

As expected the leak increased once the ship was off the reef, and all three working pumps had to be continually manned. A mistake occurred in [[Sounding line|sounding]] the depth of water in the hold, when a new man measured the length of a sounding line from the outside plank of the hull where his predecessor had used the top of the cross-beams. The mistake suggested the water depth had increased by about {{convert|18|in|cm}} between soundings, sending a wave of fear through the ship. As soon as the mistake was realised, redoubled efforts kept the pumps ahead of the leak.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=345–346}}

The prospects if the ship sank were grim. The vessel was {{convert|24|mi}} from shore<ref name="Courier1878"/> and the three ship's boats could not carry the entire crew.<ref>Parkin 2003, p. 311</ref> Despite this, Banks noted in his journal the calm efficiency of the crew in the face of danger, contrary to stories he had heard of seamen panicking or refusing orders in such circumstances.<ref>Blainey 2008, p. 236</ref>

Midshipman Jonathon Monkhouse<!-- sometimes spelt Munkhouse, but Cook used "Monkhouse" in his journal. Brother of William Monkhouse, the gunner --> proposed [[fothering]] the ship, as he had previously been on a merchant ship which used the technique successfully.<ref>Parkin 2003, p. 321</ref> He was entrusted with supervising the task, sewing bits of [[oakum]] and wool into an old sail, which was then drawn under the ship to allow water pressure to force it into the hole in the hull. The effort succeeded and soon very little water was entering, allowing the crew to stop two of the three pumps.<ref>Parkin 2003, p. 322</ref>

[[File:Endeavour at Endeavour River, engraving c. 1786.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=An old engraving shows the Endeavour beached on the shore of a bay, surrounded by wooded hills. An area of land has been cleared and tents set up. A small boat carrying eight men rows on the bay.|''Endeavour'' beached at its namesake river, [[Endeavour River]], for repairs after her grounding on the Great Barrier Reef in 1770. By Johann Fritzsch, published 1786.]]
''Endeavour'' then resumed her course northward and parallel to the reef, the crew looking for a safe harbour in which to make repairs. On 13 June, the ship came to a broad watercourse that Cook named the [[Endeavour River]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shipping |work=The Brisbane Courier |page=2 |publisher=Brisbane Newspaper Company Ltd |date=13 October 1873 |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1329404?searchTerm=James+Cook|access-date=27 August 2008 }}</ref> Cook attempted to enter the river mouth, but strong winds and rain prevented ''Endeavour'' from crossing the [[sandbar|bar]] until the morning of 17 June. She grounded briefly on a sand spit but was refloated an hour later and [[warping (sailing)|warped]] into the river proper by early afternoon. The ship was promptly beached on the southern bank and [[careening|careened]] to make repairs to the hull. Torn sails and rigging were also replaced and the hull scraped free of barnacles.<ref>Blainey 2008, pp. 252–257</ref>

An examination of the hull showed that a piece of coral the size of a man's fist had cleanly sliced through the timbers before breaking off. Surrounded by pieces of oakum from the fother, this coral fragment had helped plug the hole in the hull and preserved the ship from sinking on the reef.<ref name="Parkin335-336">Parkin 2003, pp. 335–336</ref>

====Northward to Batavia====
After waiting for the wind, ''Endeavour'' resumed her voyage on the afternoon of 5 August 1770, reaching the northernmost point of [[Cape York Peninsula]] fifteen days later. On 22 August, Cook was rowed ashore to a small coastal island to proclaim British sovereignty over the eastern Australian mainland.<ref>Blainey 2008, pp. 299–300</ref> Cook christened his landing place [[Possession Island National Park|Possession Island]], and ceremonial volleys of gunfire from the shore and ''Endeavour''{{'}}s deck marked the occasion.<ref>Hough 1995, pp. 189–190</ref>

[[File:Track of Endeavour.jpg|300px|thumb|left|alt=Map:A line runs from the Great Barrier Reef northward to Endeavour River and Cape York, then northwest through Torres Strait to the southern coastline of New Guinea. The line then heads west-southwest to Timor, westward parallel to but south of Java to Christmas Island, and northwest to Batavia.|Route of ''Endeavour'' from the [[Torres Strait]] to [[Java]], August and September 1770]]
''Endeavour'' then resumed her voyage westward along the coast, picking a path through intermittent shoals and reefs with the help of the pinnace, which was rowed ahead to test the water depth.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=386–389}} By 26 August she was out of sight of land, and had entered the open waters of the [[Torres Strait]] between Australia and [[New Guinea]], earlier navigated by [[Luis Váez de Torres]] in 1606. To keep ''Endeavour''{{'}}s voyages and discoveries secret, Cook confiscated the log books and journals of all on board and ordered them to remain silent about where they had been.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=426}}

After a three-day layover off the island of [[Savu]], ''Endeavour'' sailed on to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], the capital of the [[Dutch East Indies]], on 10 October.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=431–432<}} A day later lightning during a sudden tropical storm struck the ship, but the rudimentary "electric chain" or [[lightning rod]] that Cook had ordered rigged to ''Endeavour''{{'}}s mast saved her from serious damage.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=433}}

The ship remained in very poor condition following her grounding on the Great Barrier Reef in June. The ship's carpenter, John Seetterly,<!-- or "Satterley", but Cook's log spells it the less traditional way ---> observed that she was "very leaky – makes from twelve to six&nbsp;inches an hour, occasioned by her main keel being wounded in many places, [[false keel]] gone from beyond the [[wikt:amidships|midships]]. Wounded on her [[wikt:larboard|larbord]] side where the greatest leak is but I could not come at it for the water."<ref>Carpenter's Report, J. Seetterly, 10 October 1770, cited in Hosty and Hundley 2003, pp. 55–56</ref> An inspection of the hull revealed that some unrepaired planks were cut through to within {{convert|1/8|in|mm}}. Cook noted it was a "surprise to every one who saw her bottom how we had kept her above water" for the previous three-month voyage across open seas.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=437}}

After riding at anchor for two weeks, ''Endeavour'' was heaved out of the water on 9 November and laid on her side for repairs. Some damaged timbers were found to be infested with [[shipworm]]s, which required careful removal to ensure they did not spread throughout the hull.{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|pp=55–58}} Broken timbers were replaced and the hull recaulked, scraped of shellfish and marine flora, and repainted.{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|pp=55–58}} Finally, the rigging and pumps were renewed and fresh stores brought aboard for the return journey to England. Repairs and replenishment were completed by Christmas Day 1770, and the next day ''Endeavour'' [[Weigh anchor|weighed anchor]] and set sail westward towards the [[Indian Ocean]].{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|pp=55–58}}

====Return voyage====
Though ''Endeavour'' was now in good condition, her crew were not. During the ship's stay in Batavia, all but 10 of the 94&nbsp;people aboard had been taken ill with [[malaria]] and [[dysentery]].<ref>Blainey 2008, pp. 338–344</ref>{{efn|Some of ''Endeavour''{{'}}s crew also contracted an unspecified lung infection.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=441}} Cook noted that disease of various kinds had broken out aboard every ship berthed in Batavia at the time, and that "this seems to have been a year of General sickness over most parts of India" and in England.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=2441"}}}} By the time ''Endeavour'' set sail on 26 December, seven crew members had died and another forty were too sick to attend their duties.{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|pp=55–58}} Over the following twelve weeks, a further 23 died from disease and were buried at sea, including Spöring, Green, Parkinson, and the ship's surgeon William Monkhouse.<!-- not to be confused with his brother midshipman Jonathon Monkhouse --><ref name="Courier1878"/>

Cook attributed the sickness to polluted drinking water, and ordered that it be purified with [[lime (fruit)|lime]] juice, but this had little effect.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=447}} Jonathan Monkhouse, who had proposed fothering the ship to save her from sinking on the reef, died on 6 February, followed six days later by ship's carpenter John Seetterly, whose skilled repair work in Australia had allowed ''Endeavour'' to resume her voyage.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=449–450}} The health of the surviving crew members then slowly improved as the month progressed, with the last deaths from disease being three [[Ordinary seaman|ordinary seamen]] on 27 February.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=452}}

On 13 March 1771, ''Endeavour'' rounded the Cape of Good Hope and made port in [[Cape Town]] two days later. Those still sick were taken ashore for treatment.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=457}} The ship remained in port for four weeks awaiting the recovery of the crew and undergoing minor repairs to her masts.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=460–461}} On 15 April, the sick were brought back on board along with ten recruits from Cape Town, and ''Endeavour'' resumed her homeward voyage.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=463–466, 597}} The English mainland was sighted on 10 July and ''Endeavour'' entered the port of [[Dover]] two days later.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=477}}

Approximately one month after his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of [[Commander (Royal Navy)|commander]], and by November 1771 was in receipt of Admiralty Orders for a [[Second voyage of James Cook|second expedition]], this time aboard [[HMS Resolution (1771)|HMS ''Resolution'']].<ref>Hough 1995, p. 217</ref> During his [[Third voyage of James Cook|third voyage]] (second on ''Resolution''), Cook was killed during his attempted [[Kidnapping of Kalaniʻōpuʻu by James Cook|kidnapping of the ruling chief of Hawaii]] at [[Kealakekua Bay]] on 14 February 1779.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Voyage of the Resolution 1776–1780 |publisher=The University of Canterbury, New Zealand |year=2008 |url=http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/voyages/resolution/death.shtml |access-date=16 November 2008 |archive-date=8 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708052108/http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/voyages/resolution/death.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>