Editing Hand formula (section)

== Criticism ==
Critics point out that term "gravity of loss (L)" is vague, and could entail a wide variety of damages, from a scratched fender to several dead victims.<ref name="Glannon">{{cite book|last=Glannon |first=Joseph W. |title=The Law of Torts |edition=3rd |year=2005 |publisher=[[Aspen Publishers]] |location=New York, NY |pages=73–74}}</ref>  Even then, on top of that, how exactly a juror should determine a value for such a loss is abstract in itself.  The speculative nature of the rule also seizes upon how a juror should determine the probability of loss (P).<ref name="Glannon"/>

Additionally, the rule fails to account for possible alternatives, whether it be the use of alternate methods to reach the same outcome, or abandoning the risky activity altogether.<ref name="Glannon"/>

Human teams estimating risk need to guard against judgment errors, cf. [[absolute probability judgement]].