Editing Hechingen (section)

== History ==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2017}}

===Early history===
Recent research shows that the [[battle of Solicinium]], fought in 368 between the invading [[Alamanni]] and a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] army led by Emperor [[Valentinian I]], probably took place in the northern part of what is today Hechingen and the lost city Solicinium was located where the Roman museum of Hechingen is located today.

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Hechingen um 1860.jpg|thumb|left|Hechingen (middleground) and [[Hohenzollern Castle]] (background, atop the hill) around 1860.]]

Hechingen is the ancestral home of the [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]] dynasty of princes, [[Prince-elector|electors]], kings, and emperors, of [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], the [[German Empire]], and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]. In 1176 the [[Counts of Hohenberg (Swabia)|Counts of Hohenberg]] separated from the Counts of Hohenzollern and seized several cities from the Hohenzollerns. In 1218 the [[Burgraves of Nuremberg]] gained independence from them.

The city was founded in 1255 by the Counts of Hohenzollern as their new capital city. The Hohenzollerns had great land holdings near [[Strasbourg]] and in the [[Alb-Donau-Kreis]] during this time.

Hechingen was located on an Imperial highway which led from the middle [[Neckar]] south by way of [[Rottweil]] to the upper [[Rhine]] and the [[Alps|Alpine]] passes. The Counts of Hohenzollern had financial problems and grew steadily weaker. In 1388, there was a siege, following which [[Eberhard II, Duke of Württemberg]] gained feudal rights over the territory. The Counts of Hohenzollern became his vassals and opened the town and their castle to him.

After the town was destroyed by fire in 1401, the Count tried to attract new citizens by granting them rights and privileges. The town thus became the center of the county. The cost of rebuilding was so great that [[Friedrich XII of Hohenzollern]], known as ''der Öttinger'', sold his entire fortune to Württemberg in 1415. Even this was not enough to satisfy his creditors. The Imperial court in Rottweil condemned him. Although his cousins in [[Brandenburg]] attempted arbitration for him, [[Henriette, Countess of Montbéliard]], Duchess of Württemberg, took the castle in 1423 and destroyed it. After he was freed from prison, Friedrich undertook a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. His brother, [[Eitel Friedrich IV of Hohenzollern]], also pledged his allegiance to Württemberg, turning over his inheritance if he did not have an heir. However, in 1433 at age 50, he had a son, Jos Niklaus, and by his death in 1439 he had regained half of their land.

His son, Count [[Jos Niklaus of Hohenzollern]] was able to gain Imperial permission to rebuild the castle, as well as to nullify the agreement with Württemberg. Thus, the city of Hechingen remained in the hands of the Hohenzollerns. As a result, the city remained more provincial, and largely agricultural.

===Renaissance and Reformation===
[[File:DH Hechingen Merian.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Hechingen with the [[Friedrichsburg (Hechingen)|Friedrichsburg]], and [[Hohenzollern Castle]] around 1643 by [[Matthäus Merian]]]]
[[File:Convent Church St. Luzen, Hechingen (2019).jpg|thumb|Convent Church St. Luzen (2019)]]
In 1567, the county was divided in three and became the counties of [[Hohenzollern-Hechingen]], [[Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]], and [[Hohenzollern-Haigerloc]]h. (The latter was rejoined to Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen in 1634.) Hechingen became the residence of the counts of Hohenzollern-Hechingen. Their territory, which consisted of Hechingen and 26 villages, did not change substantially until the 19th century.

Eitel Friedrich IV (1576–1605) made Hechingen a center of art, music, and [[Renaissance]] architecture. Many buildings built during his reign are still to be seen today: the convent church [[St. Luzen]], the hospital, and the lower tower – the latter being the last remnant of the city defences. The Renaissance palace that he built, the [[Friedrichsburg (Hechingen)|Friedrichsburg]], was removed at the beginning of the 19th century and replaced by the [[New Castle (Hechingen)|New Castle]].

During the Reformation, Hechingen remained Catholic, but was still affected by the [[30 Years' War]]. In 1625, [[Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial troops]] reached Hechingen, and the prince (elevated from a count in 1623) bore the cost of supporting them. This burden, along with plundering by the soldiers and several poor harvests, caused great suffering and many deaths in the city.

In 1632, the Swedish army attacked, and the following year the entire force entered the city. The castle remained in the hands of the Hohenzollerns, and the troops marched on to [[Sigmaringen]], which fell into the hands of [[Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg]] (1614–1674) in 1633. Finally, on 5 July 1633, the city yielded to the Württembergs, and the castle was besieged. The siege lasted nine months, the castle receiving food from the local farmers through underground passages and bartering for it with precious objects from the castle.

On 3 April 1634, the castle surrendered to the Württembergs, whose soldiers plundered everything they could get their hands on, even draft animals farmers needed to plow their fields.

A short time later, Imperial troops reached the city and forced the Württemberg troops to withdraw; however, weakened by the long war they could not enforce the peace. The Plague broke out in 1635, which decimated the already weakened population.  That year the castle fell into the hands of [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria]] (1573–1651), who held it until 1637, when Hohenzollern rule was restored.

The troops of [[Bernard of Saxe-Weimar]], who was allied with the French, plundered the city completely in 1638 in 12 days. The residents were reduced to eating nettles and snails, having already eaten the cats and dogs.

In 1639, the city was again occupied by the Bavarians until 1650. Although the [[Peace of Westphalia]] was signed in 1648, the troops remained two years longer because the outstanding taxes had not been paid.

===Enlightenment===
The architecture of the city was greatly influenced by the architect [[Pierre Michel d'Ixnard]], who was a predecessor of [[Classicism]] in southern Germany.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

=== Nineteenth century ===
The princes of Hohenzollern maintained good relations with [[Napoleon]], and the last reigning prince, [[Constantine, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen]] married [[Eugénie de Beauharnais]].

The first large palace in the city was Friedrichsburg. The construction of a new palace—[[New Castle (Hechingen)|Neues Schloss]]—to replace it was started in 1818, but it was never properly finished because of the financial constraints of Prince [[Friedrich Hermann Otto, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen|Frederik]]. Neues Schloss is currently the headquarters of the Zollernalb Savings Bank.

Starting in 1826, Constantine and Eugénie made Hechingen into a cultural center in southern Germany. They had famous guests, including Eugénie's cousin, the future [[Napoleon III]], [[Hector Berlioz]], and [[Franz Liszt]].

After the [[Revolution of 1848]], Constantine retired from public life, and his county passed into the control of the Protestant kingdom of [[Prussia]] in 1850. Hohenzollern-Hechingen was then incorporated into the district of [[Sigmaringen]], which became the capital. In that same year, [[Friedrich August Stüler]] began the restoration of the castle.

By 1850, Hechingen had started to industrialize, primarily with Jewish enterprises. By 1871 the city had become one of the most important economic centres in the region, with textiles and machine shops among the major industries.

===Twentieth century===
[[File:Hechingen und Bundesstraße 27 (Zollernalbkreis).jpg|thumb|Hechingen seen from [[Hohenzollern Castle]]]]
In 1925, Hechingen became the capital of a new ''Landkreis''.

Much of the architecture of the city was destroyed or damaged during World War II by [[Nazi]] attempts to build air raid shelters in public buildings. The town hall was so damaged that it had to be destroyed. To protect them from further destruction, many industries, including [[DEHOMAG]], a predecessor of [[IBM]], were relocated to Hechingen from damaged areas of Germany, such as [[Berlin]]. Parts of the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Society]], notably its Institute for Physics, were also relocated there.

In April 1945, American troops of the [[Manhattan Project]]'s [[Alsos Mission]]'s ''[[Operation Big]]'' entered Hechingen in pursuit of men, materiel, and facilities related to the [[German nuclear energy project]].<ref name=tech>Beck, Alfred M, et al, ''United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services &ndash; The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Germany'', 1985 [http://tothosewhoserved.org/usa/ts/usatse03/chapter24.html Chapter 24, ''Into the Heart of Germany'']</ref> There they seized a large atomic research laboratory and experimental nuclear reactor.<ref name=AEF>Atomic Heritage Foundation: [http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/alsos-mission The Alsos Mission]</ref> Many of the physicists captured there were later interned in England in [[Operation Epsilon]] and tried in German war crimes tribunals over the following years.<ref name=AEF/>

The city became part of the French occupation zone, and the military governor of the city was Colonel Courtois.

The ''Landkreis'' became part of [[Württemberg-Hohenzollern]] in 1947 until the creation of the state of [[Baden-Württemberg]] in 1952. In 1973, it was incorporated into the [[Zollernalbkreis]], with [[Balingen]] as the capital.