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==Versions== [[File:HomePlug 85Mbps adapter.jpg|thumb|240px|HomePlug 85 Mbit/s adapter]]<!-- a 85 Mbit/s implies a 'HomePlug 1.0 Turbo' adapter, per the article text --> ===HomePlug 1.0=== The first HomePlug specification, HomePlug 1.0, provides a peak PHY-rate of 14 Mbit/s. It was first introduced in June, 2001 and has since been replaced by HomePlug AV. On May 28, 2008 [[Telecommunications Industry Association]] (TIA) incorporated HomePlug 1.0 powerline technology into the newly published TIA-1113 international standard. TIA-1113 defines modem operations on user-premises electrical wiring. The new standard is the world's first multi-megabit powerline communications standard approved by an American National Standards Institute (ANSI)-accredited organization.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} The HomePlug 1.0 MAC Layer uses channel access based on Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) to transport data from 46 to 1500 bytes long from encapsulated IEEE 802.3 frames as MAC Service Data Units (MSDUs) (so doesn't support jumbo frames).{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} HomePlug 1.0 Turbo adapters comply with the HomePlug 1.0 specification but employ a faster, proprietary mode that increases the peak PHY-rate to 85 Mbit/s. HomePlug 1.0 Turbo modems were only available from Intellon Corporation.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} ===HomePlug AV=== The HomePlug AV specification, which was introduced in August 2005, provides sufficient bandwidth for applications such as [[HDTV]] and [[VoIP]]. HomePlug AV offers a peak data rate of 200 Mbit/s at the physical layer, and about 80 Mbit/s at the MAC layer. HomePlug AV devices are required to coexist, and optionally to interoperate, with HomePlug 1.0 devices. The physical layer uses OFDM carriers spaced at 24.414 kHz, with carriers from 2 to 30 MHz. Depending on the signal to noise ratio, the system automatically selects from BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM, 256 QAM, and 1024 QAM, on a carrier by carrier basis.<ref name="spec-av1.1">{{Cite book |title=HomePlug AV Specification, Version 1.1 |date=May 21, 2007 |publisher=[[HomePlug Powerline Alliance]] |pages=677 |url=http://www.homeplug.org/tech-resources/download-specs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331002013if_/https://www.homeplug.org/media/filer_public/61/c2/61c25a8b-0ef5-46ee-8fed-407dd6a650da/homeplug_av11_specification_final_public.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2019 }}</ref> Utilizing [[adaptive modulation]] on up to 1155 OFDM sub-carriers, [[Turbo codes|turbo convolution codes]] for [[Forward error correction|error correction]], two-level [[Medium access control|MAC]] framing with [[Automatic repeat-request|ARQ]],<ref name="AVFraming"> {{cite journal | first = Srinivas | last = Katar |author2=Yonge, Larry |author3=Newman, Richard |author4=Haniph Latchman | title = Efficient Framing and ARQ for High-Speed PLC systems | url = http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~nemo/papers/ISPLC2005-framing.pdf | access-date = 2008-01-07 }} </ref> and other techniques, HomePlug AV can achieve near the theoretical maximum bandwidth across a given transmission path.<ref name="AVharness"/> For security reasons, the specification includes [[key distribution]] techniques and the use of 128 bit [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] encryption. Furthermore, the specification's adaptive techniques present inherent obstacles to eavesdropping and cyber attacks.<ref name="AVsecmech"> {{cite journal | first = Richard | last = Newman |author2=Yonge, Larry |author3=Gavette, Sherman |author4=Anderson, Ross | title = HomePlug AV Security Mechanisms | url = http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~nemo/papers/ISPLC2007_AV_Security.pdf | access-date = 2008-01-06 }}</ref><ref name="ProtectPL">{{cite journal | first = Richard | last = Newman |author2=Gavette, Sherman |author3=Yonge, Larry |author4=Anderson, Ross | title = Protecting Domestic Power-line Communications | url = http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/soups/2006/proceedings/p122_newman.pdf | access-date = 2008-01-06}} </ref> Some [[Qualcomm Atheros]]-based adapters comply with the HomePlug AV specification but employ a proprietary extension that increases the PHY-rate to 500 Mbit/s primarily by using a wider spectrum.<ref name="av500">{{cite web|url=http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/lanwan/lanwan-reviews/31624-homeplug-av-500-adapter-roundup|title=HomePlug AV 500 Adapter Roundup - SmallNetBuilder|first=Tim|last=Higgins|website=Smallnetbuilder.com|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> ===HomePlug AV2=== The HomePlug AV2 specification was introduced in January 2012. It is interoperable with HomePlug AV and HomePlug GreenPHY devices and is [[IEEE 1901]] standard compliant. It features gigabit-class PHY-rate, support for [[MIMO]] PHY, repeating functionalities and power saving modes.<ref name="YONGUE14"/><ref name="av2">[http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_AV2_White_Paper_v1.0.pdf HomePlug AV2 Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103131751/http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_AV2_White_Paper_v1.0.pdf |date=2012-11-03 }}, Homeplug.org</ref><ref name="spec-av2.1">{{Cite book |title=HomePlug AV Specification, Version 2.1 |date=February 21, 2014 |publisher=[[HomePlug Powerline Alliance]] |pages=858 |url=https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/homeplug_av21/homeplug_av21_specification_final_public.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403120656/https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/homeplug_av21/homeplug_av21_specification_final_public.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2021 }}</ref> ===HomePlug Green PHY=== The HomePlug Green PHY specification is a subset of HomePlug AV that is intended for use in the [[smart grid]]. It has peak rates of 10 Mbit/s and is designed to go into smart meters and smaller appliances such as HVAC thermostats, home appliances and plug-in electric vehicles<ref name="pie1">[http://groups.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_GreenPHY_Overview.pdf HomePlug GreenPHY Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025061136/http://groups.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_GreenPHY_Overview.pdf |date=2015-10-25 }} Groups.homeplug.com</ref> so that data can be shared over a home network and with the power utility. High capacity broadband is not needed for such applications; the most important requirements are low power and cost, reliable communication, and compact size. GreenPHY uses up to 75% less energy than AV.<ref name="pie1"/><ref name="spec-gp1.1.1">{{Cite book |title=HomePlug Green PHY Specification, Version 1.1.1 |date=July 4, 2013 |publisher=[[HomePlug Powerline Alliance]] |pages=762 |url=http://www.homeplug.org/tech-resources/download-specs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825120357if_/https://www.homeplug.org/media/filer_public/74/40/7440ccd5-8c66-49ed-a2ce-5ef661932c27/homeplug_gp_specification_v111_final_public.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2018 }}</ref> The HomePlug Powerline Alliance worked with utilities and meter manufacturers to develop this 690-page specification.<ref name="specsgphy">[http://www.homeplug.org/tech-resources/download-specs/ HomePlug GreenPHY Specs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524222650/http://www.homeplug.org/tech-resources/download-specs/ |date=2018-05-24 }} Homeplug.org</ref> HomePlug Green PHY devices are required to be fully interoperable with devices based on HomePlug AV, HomePlug AV2 and IEEE 1901 specification, which is considered{{by whom|date=December 2017}} to hamper their power consumption and cost reduction. The HomePlug silicon vendor QualComm announced commercially available Green PHY silicon in December 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2011/12/06/qualcomm-atheros-launches-worlds-first-homeplug-green-phy-solution|title=Qualcomm Atheros Launches World's First HomePlug Green PHY Solution|website=Qualcomm.com|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> HomePlug GreenPHY is the communication protocol used in the international [[Combined Charging System|electric vehicle charging standard CCS]] ===HomePlug Access BPL=== Access Broadband Power Line (BPL) refers to a to-the-home broadband access technology. The HomePlug Alliance formed the HomePlug Access BPL Working Group, whose first charter was to develop the Market Requirements Document (MRD) for a HomePlug Access BPL specification. The Alliance made an open invitation to the BPL industry to participate in the development of or provide input for consideration in the MRD. After several months of collaboration between utilities, ISPs and other BPL industry groups, the MRD was completed in June 2005. HomePlug's work on the Access BPL was subsequently contributed and merged into the [[IEEE 1901|IEEE 1901 standard]].<ref name="PlugFAQ"/>
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