Editing Homosociality (section)

==Study==

===Feminist theory===

[[Feminism|Feminist]] scholars such as [[Rosabeth Moss Kanter]] and [[Heidi Hartmann]]<ref>Harriet Bradley, ''Gender'' (2007) p. 103-4</ref> and others<ref>P.E. Sandhu: ''[http://d-nb.info/1046312855/34 Persistent Homogeneity in Top Management]'', doctoral dissertation, Berlin, 2013</ref> have emphasized the role of male homosociality in perpetuating perceived patterns of male dominance in the workplace. Kanter has explored "metaphorical 'homosocial reproduction' - how men attempt to reproduce their dominant power relations by only uniting with and sharing the same occupational space and privilege with those males"<ref>C. R. Ember/M. Ember, ''Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender'' Vol I (2003) p. 102</ref> who resemble them - although "subsequent research has suggested some revisions of Kanter's underlying argument...[re] 'homosocial reproduction'".<ref>F. J. Crosly et al, ''Sex Discrimination in the Workplace'' (2007) p. 198</ref> Timothy Laurie has criticized how "homosociality" is used in the sociology of masculinity, noting that "much extant research on [homosociality] retains the premise that men innately seek identification and communication with other men. The mysterious malepolitik is thus privileged over men's relationships to femininity, or women's relationships to masculinity".<ref>{{Cite news | title= Masculinity Studies and the Jargon of Strategy: Hegemony, Tautology, Sense | first= Timothy | last= Laurie | newspaper= Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities 20(1)  | year= 2015 | url= https://www.academia.edu/10912537}}</ref> In terms of specific studies, Karen Gabriel offers a useful mapping of the working of homosociality in the context of India.<ref>Gabriel, Karen. "Towards an Understanding of Homosociality in India". ''Norma: Nordic Journal of Masculinity Studies'', (vol. 9, no. 1, 2014).</ref>

===Homosociality and homosexuality===

There is further controversy regarding the relationship between homosociality and homosexuality: "how, if at all, male homosociality is connected to male homosexuality is one of the key questions posed by scholars in the field".<ref>Storr, ''Latex'' p. 39</ref> Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick identifies a continuum between homosociality and homosexuality, going as far as correlating feminism and lesbian desire. This approach has been compared to [[Adrienne Rich]]'s concept of the "lesbian continuum."<ref>Childers/Hentzi, p. 139</ref>

At the same time, Sedgwick "defines male homosociality as a form of male bonding with a characteristic triangular structure. In this triangle, men have intense but nonsexual bonds with other men, and women serve as the conduits through which those bonds are expressed".<ref>Storr, ''Latex'' p. 41</ref> Sedgwick's analysis of "the love triangle in which two men appear to be competing for a woman's love...develops [[René Girard]]'s claim that such a triangle may disguise as rivalry what is actually an attraction between men".<ref>Childers/Hentzi eds., p. 139</ref> Girard argued that "the homosexual drift stems logically from the fact that the model/rival is a man", producing at times a "noticeably increased preponderance of the mediator and a gradual obliteration of the [female] object".<ref>René Girard, ''A Theatre of Envy'' (Oxford 1991) p. 259 and p. 44</ref>

Research at the Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society (ARCSHS), [[La Trobe University]], has found that mutual identification over heterosexual activity is often the medium through which male homosocial bonding is enacted.<ref>[http://jmm.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/3/339 Abstract of "Men, Sex, and Homosociality: How Bonds between Men Shape Their Sexual Relations with Women" by Michael Flood]</ref>