Editing Hoopoe (section)

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Ganden12.JPG|left|thumb|262x262px|Hoopoe nesting at Ganden Monastery, its crest lowered, [[Tibet]] ]]
[[File:Upupa distribution.png|thumb|Distribution of ''Upupa'' species<br>
{{legend0|#00FF00|African hoopoe|border=solid 1px black}}<br>
{{legend0|#FF8000|Eurasian hoopoe (breeding) |border=solid 1px black}}<br>
{{legend0|#008000|Eurasian hoopoe (resident) |border=solid 1px black}}<br>
{{legend0|#0000FF|Eurasian hoopoe (wintering) |border=solid 1px black}}<br>
{{legend0|#808000|Madagascar hoopoe |border=solid 1px black}}
]]
[[File:Hoopoe with insect.jpg|thumb|Hoopoe with insect]]

Hoopoes are widespread in Europe, Asia, and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar.<ref name = "HBW">{{Cite book | first = A | last = Kristin | editor-last = Josep | editor-first = del Hoyo | editor2-last = Andrew | editor2-first = Elliott | editor3-last = Sargatal | editor3-first = Jordi | chapter=Family Upupidae (Hoopoes) | title = [[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]. Volume 6, Mousebirds to Hornbills | year = 2001 | pages=396–411 | place = Barcelona | publisher = Lynx Edicions | isbn = 84-87334-30-X | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/396 | chapter-url-access=registration }}</ref> Most European and north Asian birds [[bird migration|migrate]] to the tropics in winter.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Migration patterns of Hoopoe ''Upupa epops'' and Wryneck ''Jynx torquilla'': an analysis of European ring recoveries |url=http://www.iee.unibe.ch/cb/content/e7117/e7118/e8739/e8786/e9751/Reichlin_JOrn2009.pdf |journal=Journal of Ornithology |year=2008 |first=Thomas |last=Reichlin |author2=Michael Schaub |author3=Myles H. M. Menz |author4=Murielle Mermod |author5=Patricia Portner |author6=Raphaël Arlettaz |author7=Lukas Jenni |volume=150 |issue=2 |page=393 |doi=10.1007/s10336-008-0361-3 |s2cid=43360238 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220145/http://www.iee.unibe.ch/cb/content/e7117/e7118/e8739/e8786/e9751/Reichlin_JOrn2009.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-27 }}</ref> In contrast, the African populations are sedentary all year. The species has been a [[vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]] in [[Alaska]];<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dau |first=Christian |author2=Paniyak, Jack |year=1977 |title=Hoopoe, A First Record for North America |journal=Auk |volume=94 |issue=3 |page=601 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v094n03/p0601-p0601.pdf}}</ref> ''U. e. saturata'' was recorded there in 1975 in the [[Yukon Delta]].<ref name=Heindel>{{cite book |title=Complete Birds of North America |last=Heindel |first=Matthew T. |editor=Jonathan Alderfer |year=2006 |publisher=National Geographic Society |isbn=0-7922-4175-4 |page=360 }}</ref> Hoopoes have been known to breed north of their European range,<ref name=Pforr>{{cite book |title=The Breeding Birds of Europe 2: A Photographic Handbook |last=Pforr |first=Manfred |author2=Alfred Limbrunner |year=1982 |publisher=Croom and Helm |location=London |isbn=0-7099-2020-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/breedingbirdsofe02pfor/page/82 82] |url=https://archive.org/details/breedingbirdsofe02pfor/page/82 }}</ref> and in southern England during warm, dry summers that provide plenty of grasshoppers and similar insects,<ref>{{cite book |title=Birdwatch |last=Soper |first=Tony |year=1982 |publisher=Webb & Bower |location=Exeter, England |isbn=0-906671-55-8 |page=141 }}</ref> although as of the early 1980s northern European populations were reported to be in the decline, possibly due to changes in climate.<ref name=Pforr/>

The hoopoe has two basic requirements of its habitat: bare or lightly vegetated ground on which to forage and vertical surfaces with cavities (such as trees, cliffs or even walls, nestboxes, haystacks, and abandoned burrows<ref name=Pforr/>) in which to nest. These requirements can be provided in a wide range of ecosystems, and as a consequence the hoopoe inhabits a wide range of habitats such as heathland, wooded steppes, savannas and grasslands, as well as forest glades. The Madagascar species also makes use of more dense primary forest. The modification of natural habitats by humans for various agricultural purposes has led to hoopoes becoming common in olive groves, orchards, vineyards, parkland and farmland, although they are less common and are declining in intensively farmed areas.<ref name = "HBW"/> Hunting is of concern in southern Europe and Asia.<ref name=Heindel/>

Hoopoes make seasonal movements in response to rain in some regions such as in Ceylon and in the Western Ghats.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Champion-Jones, RN |year=1937| title= The Ceylon Hoopoe (''Upupa epops ceylonensis'' Reichb.)| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.  |volume=39|issue=2|page=418}}</ref> Birds have been seen at high altitudes during migration across the [[Himalayas]]. One was recorded at about {{Convert|6400|m|abbr=on}} by the first Mount Everest expedition.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|last1=Ali|first1=Sálim |last2=Ripley|first2=Sidney Dillon |last3=Dick|first3=John Henry |title=Compact Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan: Together with Those of Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGxhQgAACAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-562063-4|pages=124–129|volume=4|edition=2nd}}</ref>