Editing Hungarian language (section)

====Scholarly consensus====
The traditional view holds that the Hungarian language diverged from its [[Ugric languages|Ugric]] relatives in the first half of the 1st millennium BC, in [[western Siberia]] east of the southern [[Ural Mountains|Urals]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Uralic Languages |last= Abondolo |first=Daniel |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |location=London |pages=1–42 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> In Hungarian, Iranian loanwords date back to the time immediately following the breakup of [[Ugric languages|Ugric]] and probably span well over a millennium.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Uralic Languages |last=Abondolo |first=Daniel |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |location=London |pages=453 |chapter=Hungarian}}</ref> These include {{Lang|hu|tehén}} 'cow' (cf. [[Avestan]] {{lang|ae-latn|daénu}}); {{Lang|hu|tíz}} 'ten' (cf. Avestan {{lang|ae-latn|dasa}}); {{Lang|hu|tej}} 'milk' (cf. Persian {{lang|fa-latn|dáje}} 'wet nurse'); and {{lang|hu|nád}} 'reed' (from late [[Middle Iranian]]; cf. [[Middle Persian]] {{lang|pal-latn|nāy}} and Modern Persian {{lang|fa-latn|ney}}).

Archaeological evidence from present-day southern [[Bashkortostan]] confirms the existence of Hungarian settlements between the [[Volga River]] and the [[Ural Mountains]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Türk |first=Attila |title=A magyar őstörténet és a szaltovói régészeti kultúrkör |date=2011 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Szeged |url=http://doktori.bibl.u-szeged.hu/1167/ |doi=10.14232/phd.1167 |doi-access=free |language=hu |trans-title=Hungarian prehistory and the archaeological cultural circle of Saltovo}}</ref> The [[Onoğurs]] (and [[Bulgars]]) later had a great influence on the language, especially between the 5th and 9th centuries. This layer of Turkic loans is large and varied (e.g. {{lang|trk|szó}} {{gloss|word}}, from [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]; and {{lang|mis|daru}} {{gloss|crane}}, from the related [[Permic languages]]), and includes words borrowed from [[Oghur languages|Oghur Turkic]]; e.g. {{lang|hu|borjú}} {{gloss|calf}} (cf. [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] {{lang|cv-latn|păru}}, {{lang|cv-latn|părăv}} vs. [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{lang|tr|buzağı}});<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Róna-Tas |first1=András |title=West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian. Part 1: Introduction, A-K |last2=Berta |first2=Árpád |publisher=Harrassowitz |year=2011 |location=Wiesbaden |pages=151–2}}</ref> {{lang|hu|dél}} 'noon; south' (cf. Chuvash {{lang|cv-latn|tĕl}} vs. Turkish dial. {{lang|tr|düš}}).<ref>Róna-Tas & Berta, ''WOT'' 2011/1: 291-4.</ref> Many words related to agriculture,<ref>{{cite web|title=Hungary&nbsp;– Early history|url=http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html|work=[[Library of Congress]] (public domain)|access-date=2008-06-29}}</ref> [[Sovereign state|state]] administration and even family relationships show evidence of such backgrounds.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} Hungarian [[syntax]] and [[grammar]] were not influenced in a similarly dramatic way over these three centuries.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
[[File:Hu-funeral sermon and prayer OSZK.jpg|thumb|[[Funeral Sermon and Prayer]], 12th century]]
[[File:Komjati sztpal.jpg|thumb|A page from the first book written completely in Hungarian, 1533]]

After the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|arrival of the Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin]], the language came into contact with a variety of [[Sprachbund|speech communities]], among them [[Slavs|Slavic]], [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], and [[Germans|German]]. Turkic loans from this period come mainly from the [[Pechenegs]] and [[Cumans|Cumanians]], who settled in Hungary during the 12th and 13th centuries: e.g. {{lang|hu|koboz}} "[[cobza]]" (cf. Turkish {{lang|tr|kopuz}} 'lute'); ''[[komondor]]'' "mop dog" (< *''kumandur'' < ''Cuman''). 20% of loanwords in Hungarian borrowed from neighbouring [[Slavic languages]]:<ref name="kenesei-p134">{{Cite book |title=A nyelv és a nyelvek |publisher=[[Akadémiai Kiadó]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-963-05-7959-9 |editor-last=Kenesei |editor-first=István |editor-link=István Kenesei |edition=5., jav., bőv. kiad |location=Budapest |page=134 |language=hu |trans-title=Language and languages |quote=21% finnugor, 9,5% török, 20% szláv, 11% német, 6% latin és görög, 2,5% újlatin, 1% egyéb ismert eredetű és 30% bizonytalan eredetű. NOTE: these percentages add up to 101%. |editor-last2=Bánréti |editor-first2=Zoltán |url=https://www.academia.edu/11616679}}</ref> e.g. {{lang|hu|tégla}} 'brick'; {{lang|hu|mák}} 'poppy seed'; {{lang|hu|szerda}} 'Wednesday'; {{lang|hu|csütörtök}} 'Thursday'...; {{lang|hu|karácsony}} 'Christmas'.<ref>Gábor Zaicz, [http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tinta/TAMOP-4_2_5-09_Etimologiai_szotar/adatok.html ''Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303120329/http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tinta/TAMOP-4_2_5-09_Etimologiai_szotar/adatok.html |date=2016-03-03 }}, s.v. "karácsony" (Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006).</ref> These languages in turn borrowed words from Hungarian: e.g. [[Serbo-Croatian]] {{lang|sh|ašov}} from Hungarian {{lang|hu|ásó}} 'spade'. About 1.6 percent of the [[Romanian language|Romanian]] [[lexicon]] is of Hungarian origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sala |first=Marius |title=Vocabularul reprezentativ al limbilor romanice |publisher=Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică |year=1988 |location=Bucharest |trans-title=Representative vocabulary of the Romance languages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Schulte |first=Kim |title=Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |year=2009 |editor-last=Haspelmath |editor-first=Martin |location=Berlin |pages=239 |chapter=Loanwords in Romanian |editor-last2=Tadmor |editor-first2=Uri}}</ref>

In the 21st century, studies support an origin of the Uralic languages, including early Hungarian, in eastern or central [[Siberia]], somewhere between the [[Ob River|Ob]] and [[Yenisei River|Yenisei]] rivers or near the [[Sayan Mountains|Sayan mountains]] in the [[Russia]]n–[[Mongolia]]n border region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Janhunen |first=Juha |title=The Quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society |date=2009 |publisher=Société Finno-Ougrienne |isbn=978-952-5667-11-0 |editor-last=Ylikoski |editor-first=Jussi |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 258 |location=Helsinki |chapter=Proto-Uralic—what, where and when? |issn=0355-0230 |chapter-url=https://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust258/sust258_janhunen.pdf}}</ref> A 2019 study based on genetics, archaeology and linguistics, found that early Uralic speakers arrived in Europe from the east, specifically from eastern Siberia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tambets |first1=Kristiina |last2=Metspalu |first2=Mait |last3=Lang |first3=Valter |last4=Villems |first4=Richard |last5=Kivisild |first5=Toomas |last6=Kriiska |first6=Aivar |last7=Thomas |first7=Mark G. |last8=Díez del Molino |first8=David |last9=Crema |first9=Enrico Ryunosuke |date=2019 |title=The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=10 |pages=1701–1711.e16 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026 |issn=0960-9822 |pmc=6544527 |pmid=31080083|bibcode=2019CBio...29E1701S }}</ref>