Editing Impression management (section)

=== Self-presentation  ===

Self-presentation is conveying information about oneself – or an image of oneself – to others. There are two types and motivations of self-presentation:
* presentation meant to match one's own self-image, and
* presentation meant to match audience expectations and preferences.<ref>{{cite book| title=Theories of Group Behavior | editor1-first=Brian | editor1-last=Mullen| editor2-first=George R. | editor2-last=Goethals| last1=Baumeister|first1=Roy F.|chapter=Self-Presentation Theory: Self-Construction and Audience Pleasing| pages=71–87|series=Springer Series in Social Psychology|date=1987}}</ref>

Self-presentation is expressive. Individuals construct an image of themselves to claim personal identity, and present themselves in a manner that is consistent with that image. If they feel like it is restricted, they often exhibit [[Reactance (psychology)|reactance]] or become defiant – try to assert their freedom against those who would seek to curtail self-presentation expressiveness. An example of this dynamic is someone who grew up with extremely strict or controlling parental figures. The child in this situation may feel that their identity and emotions have been suppressed, which may cause them to behave negatively towards others.

* ''[[Boasting]]'' – [[Theodore Millon|Millon]] notes that in self-presentation individuals are challenged to balance boasting against discrediting themselves via excessive self-promotion or being caught and being proven wrong. Individuals often have limited ability to perceive how their efforts impact their acceptance and likeability by others.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Millon|first1=Theodore|title=Handbook of Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology|date=2003|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-38404-5|page=337}}</ref>
* ''[[Flattery]]'' – flattery or [[praise]] to increase social attractiveness{{sfn|Schlenker|1980|p=169}}
* ''[[Intimidation]]'' – aggressively showing [[anger]] to get others to hear and obey one's demands.<ref>Felson 1984, p. 187.</ref>

Self-presentation can be either defensive or assertive strategies (also described as protective versus acquisitive).<ref>{{Citation|last=ARKIN|first=ROBERT M.|chapter=Self-Presentation Styles|date=1981|pages=311–333|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780126851809|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-685180-9.50020-8|title=Impression Management Theory and Social Psychological Research}}</ref> Whereas defensive strategies include behaviours like avoidance of threatening situations or means of [[self-handicapping]], [[assertive]] strategies refer to more active behaviour like the verbal idealisation of the self, the use of status symbols or similar practices.<ref name= Piwinger>{{Cite book | last1=Piwinger | first1= Manfred | last2=Ebert | first2= Helmut | year=2001 | chapter=Impression Management: Wie aus Niemand Jemand wird| title=in: Bentele, Guenther et al. (Ed.), Kommunikationsmanagement: Strategien, Wissen, Lösungen | publisher=Luchterhand, Neuwied }}</ref>

These strategies play important roles in one's maintenance of [[self-esteem]].<ref>Leary; Kowalski 1990.</ref> One's self-esteem is affected by their evaluation of their own performance and their perception of how others react to their performance. As a result, people actively portray impressions that will elicit self-esteem enhancing reactions from others.<ref>Hass 1981</ref>

In 2019, as filtered photos are perceived as deceptive by users, PlentyOfFish along with other dating sites have started to ban filtered images.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/09/18/plenty-of-fish-and-other-apps-are-going-filter-free/|title=Plenty of Fish and other apps are going 'filter-free'|last=Frishberg|first=Hannah|date=2019-09-19|website=New York Post|language=en|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref>