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===Biblical references=== {{Main|Incest in the Bible}} The earliest Biblical reference to possible incest involves Cain. It was cited that he knew his wife and she conceived and bore Enoch.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices|last=Aggrawal|first=Anil|publisher=CRC Press|year=2009|isbn=9781420043082|location=Boca Raton, FL|pages=320}}</ref> A literalist reading of this passage indicates that, during this period, there was no other woman except Eve, or there was an unnamed sister, in which case Cain had an incestuous relationship with his mother or his sister.<ref name=":1" /> According to the [[Book of Jubilees]], [[Cain]] married his sister [[Awan (religious figure)|Awan]].<ref>Cain and Abel in Text and Tradition: Jewish and Christian Interpretations of the First Sibling Rivalry, John Byron β 2011, page 27</ref><ref>The Empowerment of Women in the Book of Jubilees β Page 17, Betsy Halpern Amaru β 1999</ref> Later, in Genesis 20<ref>''Hebrew-English Bible,'' {{bibleverse||Genesis|20:12|HE}}</ref> of the [[Hebrew Bible]], the [[Patriarch]] [[Abraham]] married his half-sister [[Sarah]].{{sfn|Ska|2009|pp=26β31}} Other references include the passage in 2 Samuel 13 where [[Amnon]], King [[David]]'s son, rapes his half-sister [[Tamar (2 Samuel)|Tamar]].<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|2|Samuel|13|NIV}}</ref> According to [[Michael D. Coogan]], it would have been perfectly all right for Amnon to have married her, the Bible being inconsistent about prohibiting incest.<ref>{{cite book|last=Coogan|first=Michael|title=God and Sex. What the Bible Really Says|url=https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog|url-access=registration|quote=god and sex.|access-date=5 May 2011|edition=1st|year=2010|publisher=Twelve. Hachette Book Group|location=New York, Boston|isbn=978-0-446-54525-9|oclc=505927356|pages=[https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/112 112]β113}}</ref> In Genesis 19:30{{ndash}}38, while living in an isolated area after the destruction of [[Sodom and Gomorrah]], [[Lot (biblical person)|Lot]]'s two daughters conspire to inebriate and rape their father due to the lack of available partners to continue his [[Lineage (anthropology)|line of descent]]. Because of intoxication, Lot "perceived not" when his firstborn, and the following night his younger, daughter lay with him.<ref>''Bible'', Genesis 19:32β35</ref> Moses was also born of an incestuous marriage. Exodus 6<ref>''Hebrew-English Bible'', {{bibleverse||Exodus|6:20|HE}}</ref> details how his father, [[Amram]], was the nephew of his mother, [[Jochebed]].<ref name=":1" /> An account noted that the incestuous relations did not suffer the fate of childlessness, which was the punishment for such couples in Levitical law.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Sex, Marriage, and Family in John Calvin's Geneva: Courtship, Engagement, and Marriage|last1=John|first1=Witte Jr.|last2=Kingdon|first2=Robert|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|year=2005|isbn=9780802848031|location=Grand Rapids|pages=321}}</ref> It stated, however, that the incest exposed Moses "to the peril of wild beasts, of the weather, of the water, and more."<ref name=":2" />
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