Editing Infarction (section)

===By localization===
* [[File:Haem infarction, small bowel.jpg|thumb|Haemorrhagic infarction ileum; strangulation in a hernial sack.]][[File:Haemorragic infarct, apex l lower lobe left lung.jpg|thumb|Hemorrhagic infarct, apex lower lobe, left lung]]'''Heart''': [[Myocardial infarction]] (''MI''), commonly known as a ''heart attack'', is an infarction of the heart, causing some heart cells to die. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a [[coronary artery]] following the rupture of a [[Vulnerable plaque|vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque]], which is an unstable collection of [[lipids]] (fatty acids) and [[white blood cell]]s (especially [[macrophage]]s) in the wall of an [[artery]]. The resulting [[ischemia]] (restriction in blood supply) and [[Hypoxia (medical)|oxygen shortage]], if left untreated for a sufficient period of time, can cause damage or kill heart muscle tissue (''[[myocardium]]'').
[[File:Histopathology of thalamus infarction at approximately 24 hours, high magnification, annotated.jpg|thumb|240px|Histopathology at high magnification of a normal brain neuron, and a brain infarction at approximately 24 hours on [[H&E stain]]: The neurons become hypereosinophilic and there is an infiltrate of [[neutrophil]]s. There is slight edema and loss of normal architecture in the surrounding [[neuropil]].]]
* '''Brain''': [[Cerebral infarction]] is the [[ischemia|ischemic]] kind of [[stroke]] due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain. It can be atherothrombotic or embolic.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ropper |first1=Allan H. |last2=Adams |first2=Raymond Delacy |last3=Brown |first3=Robert F. |last4=Victor |first4=Maurice |title=Adams and Victor's principles of neurology |year=2005 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Pub. Division |location=New York  |isbn=0-07-141620-X |pages=686–704}}</ref> Stroke caused by cerebral infarction should be distinguished from two other kinds of stroke: [[cerebral hemorrhage]] and [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]]. Cerebral infarctions vary in their severity with one third of the cases resulting in death. In response to ischemia, the brain degenerates by the process of liquefactive necrosis.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879416939|title=Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease|date=2015|others=Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abbas, Jon C. Aster, James A. Perkins|isbn=978-1-4557-2613-4|edition=Ninth|location=Philadelphia, PA|oclc=879416939}}</ref>
* '''Lung''': Pulmonary infarction or [[lung Infarction|lung infarction]]
* '''Spleen''': [[Splenic infarction]] occurs when the [[splenic artery]] or one of its branches are occluded, for example by a [[blood clot]]. Although it can occur [[asymptomatic]]ally, the typical symptom is severe [[abdominal pain|pain]] in the [[left upper quadrant (abdomen)|left upper quadrant of the abdomen]], sometimes radiating to the left shoulder. Fever and chills develop in some cases.<ref name="pmid9486895">{{cite journal |pmid=9486895 |year=1998 |last1=Nores |first1=M |last2=Phillips |first2=EH |last3=Morgenstern |first3=L |last4=Hiatt |first4=JR |title=The clinical spectrum of splenic infarction |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=182–8 |journal=The American Surgeon}}</ref> It has to be differentiated from other causes of [[acute abdomen]].
* '''Limb''': [[Limb infarction]] is an infarction of an [[arm]] or [[leg]]. Causes include [[arterial embolism]]s and ''skeletal muscle infarction'' as a rare complication of long standing, poorly controlled [[diabetes mellitus]].<ref name=Grigoriadis>{{cite journal |pmid=10782838 |year=2000 |last1=Grigoriadis |first1=E |last2=Fam |first2=AG |last3=Starok |first3=M |last4=Ang |first4=LC |title=Skeletal muscle infarction in diabetes mellitus |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1063–8 |journal=The Journal of Rheumatology}}</ref> A major presentation is painful thigh or leg swelling.<ref name=Grigoriadis/>
* '''Bone''': Infarction of [[bone]] results in [[avascular necrosis]]. Without blood, the bone tissue dies and the bone collapses.<ref name=DiGiovanni>{{cite journal |pmid=17426292 |year=2007 |last1=Digiovanni |first1=CW |last2=Patel |first2=A |last3=Calfee |first3=R |last4=Nickisch |first4=F |title=Osteonecrosis in the foot |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=208–17 |journal=The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons |doi=10.5435/00124635-200704000-00004|s2cid=31296534 }}</ref> If avascular necrosis involves the bones of a [[joint]], it often leads to destruction of the joint articular surfaces (see [[osteochondritis dissecans]]).
* '''Testicle''': an infarction of a [[testicle]] is commonly caused by [[testicular torsion]] and may require [[Orchiectomy|removal of the affected testicle]](s) if not undone by surgery quickly enough.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Testicular torsion - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-torsion/symptoms-causes/syc-20378270|access-date=2021-08-10|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Segmental testicular infarction 112914968.jpg|thumb|Ultrasound of segmental testicular infarction. Infarct area shown as hypoechoic and avascular upper segment of R testis.]]

* '''Eye''': an infarction can occur to the [[central retinal artery]] which supplies the retina causing sudden visual loss.
*'''Bowel''': [[Bowel infarction]] is generally caused by [[mesenteric ischemia]] due to blockages in the arteries or veins that supply the bowel.