Editing Intelligent design movement (section)

=== Origins ===
The modern use of the words "intelligent design," as a term intended to describe a field of inquiry, began after the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], in the case of ''[[Edwards v. Aguillard]]'' (1987), ruled that creationism is unconstitutional in public school science curricula. A Discovery Institute report says that [[Charles Thaxton]], editor of ''[[Of Pandas and People]]'', had picked the phrase up from a [[NASA]] scientist, and thought "That's just what I need, it's a good engineering term."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evolutionnews.org/2005/12/post_6001764.html |title=Dover Judge Regurgitates Mythological History of Intelligent Design |last=Witt |first=Jonathan |date=December 20, 2005 |website=Evolution News & Views |publisher=[[Discovery Institute]] |location=Seattle, WA |access-date=2014-05-30}}</ref> In drafts of the book over one hundred uses of the root word "creation," such as "creationism" and "creation science," were changed, almost without exception, to "intelligent design,"<ref name="kitz31">{{cite court|litigants=Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District|vol=04|reporter=cv|opinion=2688|date=December 20, 2005}} [[s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District/2:Context#Page 31 of 139|Context, pp. 31–33]].</ref> while "creationists" was changed to "design proponents" or, in one instance, "[[cdesign proponentsists]]."{{sic}}<ref name="Matzke">{{cite journal |last=Matzke |first=Nick |author-link=Nick Matzke |date=January–April 2006 |title=Design on Trial: How NCSE Helped Win the ''Kitzmiller'' Case |url=http://ncse.com/rncse/26/1-2/design-trial |journal=Reports of the National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=[[National Center for Science Education]] |volume=26 |issue=1–2 |pages=37–44 |issn=2158-818X |access-date=2009-11-18}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www2.ncseweb.org/wp/?p=80 |title=Missing Link discovered! |last=Matzke |first=Nick |date=November 7, 2005 |website=Evolution Education and the Law |publisher=National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |type=Blog |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114121029/http://www2.ncseweb.org/wp/?p=80 |archive-date=2007-01-14 |access-date=2009-11-18}}</ref> In 1989, ''Of Pandas and People'' was published by the [[Foundation for Thought and Ethics]] (FTE),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Biever |first=Celeste |date=October 6, 2005 |title=Book thrown at proponents of Intelligent Design |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn8061 |journal=[[New Scientist]] |location=London |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] |issue=2582 |pages=8–11 |issn=0262-4079 |access-date=2014-05-30}}</ref> with the definition:

{{quotation|"Intelligent design means that various forms of life began abruptly through an intelligent agency, with their distinctive features already intact. Fish with fins and scales, birds with feathers, beaks, wings, etc."<ref name="bfkitz">{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/dover/day6am2.html#day6am889 |title=Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District Trial transcript: Day 6 (October 5), AM Session, Part 2 |website=TalkOrigins Archive |publisher=The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. |location=Houston, TX |access-date=2014-05-30}}</ref>}}

''Pandas'' was followed in 1991 by ''[[Darwin on Trial]]'', a neo-creationist [[polemics|polemic]] by Phillip E. Johnson, that is regarded as a central text of the movement.<ref>[[#Stewart 2007|Stewart 2007]], p. 2</ref> ''Darwin on Trial'' mentioned ''Pandas'' as "'creationist' only in the sense that it juxtaposes a paradigm of 'intelligent design' with the dominant paradigm of (naturalistic) evolution," but his use of the term as a focus for his wedge strategy promoting "[[Theistic science#Johnson|theistic realism]]" came later.<ref>[[#Johnson 2010|Johnson 2010]], pp. 238–239</ref><ref name="theistic_realism">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Phillip E. |date=May–June 1996 |title=Third-Party Science |url=http://www.ctlibrary.com/bc/1996/mayjun/6b3030.html |journal=[[Christianity Today|Books & Culture]] |type=Book review |volume=2 |issue=3 |access-date=December 26, 2013 |archive-date=February 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219230949/http://www.ctlibrary.com/bc/1996/mayjun/6b3030.html |url-status=dead }} Article reprinted in full by [[Access Research Network]] [http://www.arn.org/docs/johnson/ratzsch.htm here].</ref> The book was reviewed by evolutionary biologist [[Stephen Jay Gould]] for ''[[Scientific American]]'' in July 1992, concluding that the book contains "... no weighing of evidence, no careful reading of literature on all sides, no full citation of sources (the book does not even contain a bibliography) and occasional use of scientific literature only to score rhetorical points."<ref name="gould">{{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |author-link=Stephen Jay Gould |date=July 1992 |title=Impeaching a Self-Appointed Judge |url=http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/gould_darwin-on-trial.html |journal=[[Scientific American]] |location=Stuttgart, Germany |publisher=[[Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group|Holtzbrinck]] |volume=267 |issue=1 |access-date=2009-04-01}}</ref> Gould's review led to the formation in 1992 or 1993 of an 'Ad Hoc Origins Committee' of Johnson's supporters, which wrote a letter, circulated to thousands of university professors, defending the book. Among the 39 signatories were nine who later became members of the [[Center for Science and Culture|Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture]] (CRSC).<ref>[[#Forrest & Gross 2004|Forrest & Gross 2004]], p. 18</ref><ref name="ahoc">{{cite web |url=http://apologetics.org/news/adhoc.html |title=Ad Hoc Origins Committee: ''Scientists Who Question Darwinism'' |website=Christian Apologetics |publisher=[[Trinity College (Florida)|Trinity College]] |location=New Port Richey, FL |access-date=2014-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212041533/http://www.apologetics.org/news/adhoc.html |archive-date=2008-02-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the early 1990s Johnson worked to develop a 'big tent' movement to unify a wide range of creationist viewpoints in opposition to evolution. In 1992, the first formal meeting devoted to intelligent design was held in [[Southern Methodist University]]. It included a debate between Johnson and [[Michael Ruse]] (a key witness in ''[[McLean v. Arkansas]]'' (1982)) and papers by [[William A. Dembski]], [[Michael Behe]] and [[Stephen C. Meyer]]. In 1993, Johnson organized a follow-up meeting, including Dembski, Behe, Meyer, [[Dean H. Kenyon]] (co-author of ''Pandas'') and [[Walter Bradley (engineer)|Walter Bradley]] (co-author with Thaxton and Kenyon of ''The Mystery of Life's Origin'' (1984)), as well as two graduate students, [[Paul Nelson (creationist)|Paul A. Nelson]] and [[Jonathan Wells (intelligent design advocate)|Jonathan Wells]].<ref>[[#Numbers 2006|Numbers 2006]], p. 380</ref>