Editing Internet protocol suite (section)

===Adoption===
In March 1982, the US Department of Defense declared TCP/IP as the standard for all military computer networking.<ref name="EMuq6">{{cite web |author=Ronda Hauben |title=From the ARPANET to the Internet |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/other/tcpdigest_paper.txt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721093920/http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/other/tcpdigest_paper.txt |archive-date=July 21, 2009 |access-date=2007-07-05 |publisher=TCP Digest (UUCP)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite IETF|ien=207}}</ref><ref>{{Cite IETF|ien=152}}</ref> In the same year, [[NORSAR]]/[[Norwegian Defence Research Establishment|NDRE]] and [[Peter T. Kirstein|Peter Kirstein]]'s research group at [[University College London]] adopted the protocol.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hauben |first=Ronda |year=2004 |title=The Internet: On its International Origins and Collaborative Vision |url=http://www.ais.org/~jrh/acn/ACn12-2.a03.txt |journal=Amateur Computerist |volume=12 |issue=2 |access-date=May 29, 2009 |quote=Mar '82 – Norway leaves the ARPANET and become an Internet connection via TCP/IP over SATNET. Nov '82 – UCL leaves the ARPANET and becomes an Internet connection.}}</ref> The migration of the ARPANET from [[Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)|NCP]] to TCP/IP was officially completed on [[Flag day (software)|flag day]] January 1, 1983, when the new protocols were permanently activated.<ref name="EMuq6" /><ref name="LuqX7">{{cite web|url=https://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_tcpip.htm|title=TCP/IP Internet Protocol|access-date=2017-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101082256/https://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_tcpip.htm|archive-date=1 January 2018}}</ref>

In 1985, the Internet Advisory Board (later [[Internet Architecture Board]]) held a three-day TCP/IP workshop for the computer industry, attended by 250 vendor representatives, promoting the protocol and leading to its increasing commercial use. In 1985, the first [[Interop]] conference focused on network interoperability by broader adoption of TCP/IP. The conference was founded by Dan Lynch, an early Internet activist. From the beginning, large corporations, such as IBM and DEC, attended the meeting.<ref name="HPAsn">{{citation |url=https://www.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ISOC-History-of-the-Internet_1997.pdf |title=Brief History of the Internet |date=1997 |first=Barry M. |last=Leiner |display-authors=et al. |publisher=[[Internet Society]] |page=15 |access-date=January 17, 2018 |archive-date=January 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118011131/https://www.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ISOC-History-of-the-Internet_1997.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Vinton G. Cerf : An Oral History |url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/oral-history/catalog/pj259nj7501 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Stanford Oral History Collections - Spotlight at Stanford |page=113, 129, 145 |language=en}}</ref>

IBM, AT&T and DEC were the first major corporations to adopt TCP/IP, this despite having competing [[proprietary protocol]]s. In IBM, from 1984, [[Barry Appelman]]'s group did TCP/IP development. They navigated the corporate politics to get a stream of TCP/IP products for various IBM systems, including [[MVS]], [[VM (operating system)|VM]], and [[OS/2]]. At the same time, several smaller companies, such as [[FTP Software]] and the [[Wollongong Group]], began offering TCP/IP stacks for [[DOS]] and [[Microsoft Windows]].<ref name="TtEPm">{{cite web| url = http://support.microsoft.com/kb/108007| title = Using Wollongong TCP/IP with Windows for Workgroups 3.11| website=Microsoft Support| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112105314/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/108007| archive-date = 12 January 2012| url-status=dead}}</ref> The first [[VM/CMS]] TCP/IP stack came from the University of Wisconsin.<ref name="BZHnU">{{cite web|url=http://www.weblab.isti.cnr.it/education/ssfs/lezioni/slides/archives/cern.htm|title=A Short History of Internet Protocols at CERN|access-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110200124/http://www.weblab.isti.cnr.it/education/ssfs/lezioni/slides/archives/cern.htm|archive-date=10 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some of the early TCP/IP stacks were written single-handedly by a few programmers. Jay Elinsky and Oleg Vishnepolsky of IBM Research wrote TCP/IP stacks for VM/CMS and OS/2, respectively.{{citation needed|reason=previously cited [[Barry Appelman]] as a reference for this and it is indeed stated there but without citation and we can't use ourselves as a reliable source.|date=July 2018}} In 1984 Donald Gillies at MIT wrote a ''ntcp'' multi-connection TCP which runs atop the IP/PacketDriver layer maintained by John Romkey at MIT in 1983–84.  Romkey leveraged this TCP in 1986 when FTP Software was founded.<ref name="j7VeG">{{cite web |title= Desktop TCP/IP at middle age |last1= Baker |first1= Steven |last2= Gillies |first2= Donald W |url= http://www.ece.ubc.ca/~gillies/9802net.html |access-date= September 9, 2016 |archive-date= August 21, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150821010509/http://www.ece.ubc.ca/~gillies/9802net.html |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="vss61">{{cite web|url=http://www.romkey.com/about/|title=About|last=Romkey|first=John|date=17 February 2011|access-date=12 September 2016|archive-date=November 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105074443/http://www.romkey.com/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> Starting in 1985, Phil Karn created a multi-connection TCP application for ham radio systems (KA9Q TCP).<ref name="vCamZ">Phil Karn, ''KA9Q TCP Download Website''</ref>

The spread of TCP/IP was fueled further in June 1989, when the [[University of California, Berkeley]] agreed to place the TCP/IP code developed for [[BSD UNIX]] into the public domain. Various corporate vendors, including IBM, included this code in commercial TCP/IP software releases. For Windows 3.1, the dominant PC operating system among consumers in the first half of the 1990s, Peter Tattam's release of the [[Trumpet Winsock]] TCP/IP stack was key to bringing the Internet to home users. Trumpet Winsock allowed TCP/IP operations over a serial connection ([[Serial_Line_Internet Protocol|SLIP]] or [[Point-to-Point Protocol|PPP]]). The typical home PC of the time had an external Hayes-compatible modem connected via an RS-232 port with an [[8250]] or [[16550]] UART which required this type of stack. Later, Microsoft would release their own TCP/IP add-on stack for [[Windows for Workgroups]] 3.11 and a native stack in Windows 95. These events helped cement TCP/IP's dominance over other protocols on Microsoft-based networks, which included IBM's [[Systems Network Architecture]] (SNA), and on other platforms such as [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]'s [[DECnet]], [[Open Systems Interconnection]] (OSI), and [[Xerox Network Systems]] (XNS).

Nonetheless, for a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s, engineers, organizations and nations were [[Protocol Wars|polarized over the issue of which standard]], the OSI model or the Internet protocol suite, would result in the best and most robust computer networks.<ref name="I2M49">{{cite magazine|author=Andrew L. Russell|date=30 July 2013|title=OSI: The Internet That Wasn't|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/osi-the-internet-that-wasnt|magazine=[[IEEE Spectrum]]|volume=50|issue=8|access-date=February 6, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801171503/http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/networks/osi-the-internet-that-wasnt|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="vfIkT">{{Cite web|url=https://www2.cs.duke.edu/courses/common/compsci092/papers/govern/consensus.pdf|title=Rough Consensus and Running Code' and the Internet-OSI Standards War|last=Russell|first=Andrew L.|publisher=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117080112/https://www2.cs.duke.edu/courses/common/compsci092/papers/govern/consensus.pdf|archive-date=2019-11-17}}</ref><ref name="IuDfGrr">{{Cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Howard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DN-t8MpZ0-wC&q=%22protocol+wars%22&pg=PA106|title=A History of International Research Networking: The People who Made it Happen|last2=Bressan|first2=Beatrice|date=2010-04-26|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3-527-32710-2|language=en|access-date=November 7, 2020|archive-date=January 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117175133/https://books.google.com/books?id=DN-t8MpZ0-wC&q=%22protocol+wars%22&pg=PA106|url-status=live}}</ref>