Editing Invictus (section)

==Publication history==

The second edition of Henley's ''Book of Verses'' added a dedication "To R. T. H. B."—a reference to Robert Thomas Hamilton Bruce, a successful Scottish flour merchant, baker, and literary patron.<ref>
{{cite book|last=Henley|first=William Ernest|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hwk9sr?urlappend=%3Bseq=82|title=A book of verses|publisher=Scribner & Welford|year=1891|edition=Second|location=New York|pages=56–57|hdl=2027/hvd.hwk9sr?urlappend=%3Bseq=82}}
</ref> The 1900 edition of Henley's ''Poems'', published after Bruce's death, altered the dedication to "I. M. R. T. Hamilton Bruce (1846–1899)," whereby ''I. M.'' stands for "in memoriam."<ref>{{cite book|last=Henley|first=William Ernest|url=https://archive.org/stream/poems00henlgoog#page/n140/mode/2up|title=Poems|publisher=David Nutt|year=1900|edition=Fourth|location=London|pages=119}}</ref>
[[File:Photo of Arthur Quiller-Couch.jpg|thumb|Arthur Quiller-Couch, the editor who came up with the title, "Invictus"]]

=== Title ===
The poem was published in 1888 in his first volume of poems, ''Book of Verses,'' with no title,<ref name="1sted">{{cite book|last=Henley|first=William Ernest|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?q1=scroll;id=nyp.33433112041938;view=image;start=1;sz=10;page=root;size=100;seq=78;num=56|title=A book of verses|publisher=D. Nutt|year=1888|location=London|pages=56–57|oclc=13897970|access-date=2015-04-04|archive-date=2021-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629122621/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?q1=scroll;id=nyp.33433112041938;view=image;start=1;sz=10;page=root;size=100;seq=78;num=56|url-status=live}}</ref> but would later be reprinted in 19th-century newspapers under various titles, including:
* "Myself"<ref>{{cite news|date=1888-09-15|title=Myself|page=587|work=Weekly Telegraph|location=Sheffield (England)}}</ref>
* "Song of a Strong Soul"<ref>{{cite news|date=1889-07-10|title=Song of a Strong Soul|page=4|work=Pittsburgh Daily Post|location=Pittsburgh, PA}}</ref>
* "My Soul"<ref>{{cite news|date=1889-07-12|title=My Soul|page=2|work=Lawrence Daily Journal|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref>
* "Clear Grit"<ref>{{cite news|date=1889-07-12|title=Clear Grit|page=2|work=Commercial Advertiser|location=Buffalo, NY}}</ref>
* "Master of His Fate"<ref>{{cite news|date=1892-02-05|title=Master of His Fate|page=8|work=Weekly Times-Democrat|location=New Orleans, LA}}</ref>
* "Captain of My Soul"<ref>{{cite news|date=1892-09-08|title=Captain of My Soul|page=4|work=Lincoln Daily Call|location=Lincoln, NE}}</ref>
* "Urbs Fortitudinis"<ref>{{cite news|date=1896-12-06|title=Urbs Fortitudinis|page=15|work=Indianapolis Journal|location=Indianapolis, IN}}</ref>
* "De Profundis"<ref>{{cite news|date=1899-10-07|title=De Profundis|page=3|work=Daily World|location=Vancouver, BC}}</ref>

The established title "Invictus" was added by editor [[Arthur Quiller-Couch]] when the poem was included in the ''[[Oxford Book of English Verse]]'' (1900).<ref>{{cite book|editor=Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044086685195?urlappend=%3Bseq=1035|title=The Oxford Book of English Verse, 1250–1900|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1902|edition=1st (6th impression)|location=Oxford|page=1019|hdl=2027/hvd.32044086685195?urlappend=%3Bseq=1035|oclc=3737413}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=A.N.|date=2001-06-11|title=World of books|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/4262920/World-of-books.html|access-date=2009-12-14|archive-date=2010-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430015722/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/4262920/World-of-books.html|url-status=live}}</ref>