Editing Involuntary commitment (section)

===Containment of danger===
{{See also|Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion}}
Austria, Belgium, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, Russia, Taiwan, Ontario (Canada), and the United States have adopted [[Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion|commitment criteria]] based on the presumed danger of the defendant to self or to others.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Almost a Revolution: An International Perspective on the Law of Involuntary Commitment|journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law]] |date=June 1997|volume=25|issue=2|pages=135–147|pmid=9213286|url=http://jaapl.org/content/25/2/135 |last=Appelbaum |first=Paul S.}}</ref>

People with [[suicide|suicidal thoughts]] may act on these impulses and harm or kill themselves.

People with [[psychosis]] are occasionally driven by their [[delusion]]s or [[hallucination]]s to harm themselves or others. Research has found that those with schizophrenia are between 3.4 and 7.4 times more likely to engage in violent behaviour than members of the general public. 
<ref name="schizophrenia">{{cite journal | last1=Fazel | first1=Seena | last2=Gulati | first2=Gautam | last3=Linsell | first3=Louise | last4=Geddes | first4=John R. | last5=Grann | first5=Martin | editor-last=McGrath | editor-first=John | title=Schizophrenia and Violence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | journal=PLOS Medicine | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=6 | issue=8 | date=2009-08-11 | issn=1549-1676 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000120 | page=e1000120| pmid=19668362 | pmc=2718581 | doi-access=free }}</ref>  However, because other [[confounding factors]] such as childhood adversity and poverty are correlated with both schizophrenia and violence it can be difficult to determine whether this effect is due to schizophrenia or other factors. In an attempt to avoid these confounding factors, researchers have tried comparing the rates of violence amongst people diagnosed with schizophrenia to their siblings in a similar manner to [[twin studies]]. In these studies people with schizophrenia are found to be between 1.3 and 1.8 times more likely to engage in violent behaviour.<ref name="schizophrenia" />

People with certain types of [[personality disorder]]s can occasionally present a danger to themselves or others.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sansone|first1=Randy A.|last2=Sansone|first2=Lori|date=March 9, 2012|title=Borderline Personality and Externalized Aggression|journal=Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience|volume=9|issue=3|pages=23–26|pmid=22567607|pmc=3342993}}</ref>

This concern has found expression in the standards for involuntary commitment in every US state and in other countries as the danger to self or others standard, sometimes supplemented by the requirement that the danger be imminent. In some jurisdictions,{{which|date=October 2017}} the [[Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion|danger to self or others standard]] has been broadened in recent years to include need-for-treatment criteria such as "gravely disabled".<ref>{{cite book|title=State Standards for Civil Commitment |publisher=Treatment Advocacy Center |year=2018 |location=Arlington, Virginia}}</ref>