Editing Islam in Pakistan (section)

====Nature of state====
The [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] leadership, [[ulama]] (Islamic clergy) and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] had articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an [[Islamic state]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&q=articulated+their+vision+of+Pakistan+in+terms+of+an+islamic+state&pg=PA497|title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India|last=Dhulipala|first=Venkat|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781316258385|pages=497|quote=As the book has demonstrated, local ML functionaries, (U.P.) ML leadership, Muslim modernists at Aligarh, the ulama and even Jinnah at times articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state.}}</ref> Muhammad Ali Jinnah had developed a close association with the [[ulama]].<ref name=":42">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+has+been+created+in+the+name+of+islam+for+a+new+medina&pg=PA489|title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India|last=Dhulipala|first=Venkat|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781316258385|pages=489|quote=But what is undeniable is the close association he developed with the ulama, for when he died a little over a year after Pakistan was born, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, in his funeral oration, described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.}}</ref> When Jinnah died, Islamic scholar [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani|Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] and also compared Jinnah's death to the [[Muhammad|Muhammad's]] passing.<ref name=":42" /> [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani|Usmani]] asked Pakistanis to remember Jinnah's message of Unity, Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream:<blockquote>to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He [Jinnah] wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies.<ref name=":42" /></blockquote>The first formal step taken to transform Pakistan into an ideological Islamic state was in March 1949 when the country's first Prime Minister, [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], introduced the [[Objectives Resolution]] in the Constituent Assembly.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&q=islamistan+husain+haqqani&pg=PA18|title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military|last=Haqqani|first=Husain|publisher=Carnegie Endowment|year=2010|isbn=9780870032851|pages=16}}</ref> The [[Objectives Resolution]] declared that sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to [[God in Islam|God]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121052313/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 21, 2008|title=Pakistan|last=Hussain|first=Rizwan|work=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|quote=The first important result of the combined efforts of the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī and the ʿulamāʿ was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949, whose formulation reflected compromise between traditionalists and modernists. The resolution embodied “the main principles on which the constitution of Pakistan is to be based.” It declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust," that “the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed,” and that “the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the teaching and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Qurʿan and Sunna.” The Objectives Resolution has been reproduced as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.}}</ref> The president of the Muslim League, [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]], announced that Pakistan would bring together all Muslim countries into Islamistan-a pan-Islamic entity.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&q=islamistan+husain+haqqani&pg=PA18|title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military|last=Haqqani|first=Husain|publisher=Carnegie Endowment|year=2010|isbn=9780870032851|pages=18}}</ref> [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman|Khaliq]] believed that Pakistan was only a Muslim state and was not yet an Islamic state, but that it could certainly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+has+been+created+in+the+name+of+islam+for+a+new+medina&pg=PA489|title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India|last=Dhulipala|first=Venkat|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781316258385|pages=491}}</ref> Keith Callard, one of the earliest scholars on Pakistani politics, observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world:<blockquote>Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims. Other Muslims might have been expected to be sympathetic, even enthusiastic. But this assumed that other Muslim states would take the same view of the relation between religion and nationality.<ref name=":62" /></blockquote>However, Pakistan's pan-Islamist sentiments were not shared by other Muslim governments at the time. Nationalism in other parts of the Muslim world was based on ethnicity, language and culture.<ref name=":62" /> Although Muslim governments were unsympathetic with Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, Islamists from all over the world were drawn to Pakistan. Figures such as the Grand Mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of Islamist political movements, such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], became frequent visitors to the country.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&q=islamistan+husain+haqqani&pg=PA18|title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military|last=Haqqani|first=Husain|publisher=Carnegie Endowment|year=2010|isbn=9780870032851|pages=19}}</ref> After [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|General Zia-ul-Haq]] took power in a military coup, [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]] (an Islamist group calling for the establishment of a Caliphate) expanded its organisational network and activities in Pakistan. Its founder, [[Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani]], would maintain regular correspondence with [[Abul A'la Maududi|Abul A’la Maududi]], the founder of [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] (JI), and he also urged [[Israr Ahmed|Dr. Israr Ahmed]] to continue his work in Pakistan for the establishment of a global caliphate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153325|title=Global connections: The crackdown on Hizbut Tahrir intensifies|last=Khan|first=Sher Ali|date=12 February 2016|work=Herald}}</ref>

Social scientist Nasim Ahmad Jawed conducted a survey in 1969 in pre-divided Pakistan on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people. He found that over 60% of people in [[East Pakistan]] (modern day [[Bangladesh]]) professed to have a [[Secularity|secular]] national identity. However, in [[West Pakistan]] (current day Pakistan) the same figure professed to have an [[Islamic]] and not a secular identity. Furthermore, the same figure in East Pakistan defined their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not Islam. It was the opposite in West Pakistan, where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2_FAgAAQBAJ&q=islam+and+identity+the+causes+of+the+bangladesh+war&pg=PT37|title=The Causes of the Bangladesh War|last=Cochrane|first=Iain|year=2009|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781445240435|quote=The social scientist, Nasim Ahmad Jawed has conducted a survey of nationalism in pre-divided Pakistan and identifies the links between religion, politics and nationalism in both wings of Pakistan. His findings are fascinating and go some way to explain the differing attitudes of West and East Pakistan to the relationship between Islam and Pakistani nationalism and how this affected the views of people in both wings, especially the views of the peoples of both wings towards each other. In 1969, Jawed conducted a survey on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people. He found that just over 60% in the East wing professed to have a secular national identity. However, in the West wing, the same figure professed an Islamic and not a secular identity. Furthermore, the same figure in the East wing described their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not in terms of Islam. He found that the opposite was the case in the West wing where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity.}}</ref>

After Pakistan's first ever general elections the [[1973 constitution of pakistan|1973 Constitution]] was created by an elected Parliament.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG-pAgAAQBAJ&q=1973+constitution+pakistan+islam&pg=PA196|title=Islam, Law and Identity|last1=Diamantides|first1=Marinos|last2=Gearey|first2=Adam|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=9781136675652|pages=196}}</ref> The [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic and Islam as the state religion. It also stated that all laws would have to be brought into accordance with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]] and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted.<ref name=":82">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Wh8AgAAQBAJ&q=1973+constitution+pakistan+islam&pg=PA189|title=The Right to Development in International Law: The Case of Pakistan|last=Iqbal|first=Khurshid|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|isbn=9781134019991|pages=189}}</ref> The [[1973 constitution of pakistan|1973 Constitution]] also created certain institutions such as the [[Sharia|Shariat Court]] and the [[Council of Islamic Ideology]] to channel the interpretation and application of Islam.<ref name=":92">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG-pAgAAQBAJ&q=1973+constitution+pakistan+islam&pg=PA196|title=Islam, Law and Identity|last1=Diamantides|first1=Marinos|last2=Gearey|first2=Adam|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=9781136675652|pages=198}}</ref>