Editing J'ouvert (section)

=== Canboulay ===
Before Emancipation, enslaved Africans in Trinidad had celebrated Canboulay, a night-time harvest festival characterized by drums, singing, [[calinda]] dancing, chanting, and [[stick-fighting]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Cowley |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHFOemkETacC&dq=%C2%A0j'ouvert+canboulay&pg=PA229 |title=Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65389-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2022 |title=J'ouvert: Genesis Immersive Experience (booklet) |url=https://citylore.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/JGIE-BOOKLET-TO-CITY-LORE-AUGUST-11-2023.pdf |website=City Lore}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":112">{{Cite book |last=Riggio |first=Milla Cozart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAmCAgAAQBAJ&dq=j'ouvert+jouvay&pg=PA288 |title=Carnival: Culture in Action – The Trinidad Experience |date=2004-10-14 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-48780-6 |language=en}}</ref> The term "Canboulay" comes from the French ''cannes broullee'', meaning "burnt [[Sugarcane|cane]]".<ref name=":8" /> It may refer to the putting out of cane fires,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canboulay's freedom cry rings out on 50th Black Power anniversary {{!}} Loop Trinidad & Tobago |url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/canboulays-freedom-cry-rings-out-50th-black-power-anniversary |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Loop News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Victor Witter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeBZ7HDV8zIC&dq=cannes+brulee&pg=PA300 |title=The Anthropology of Experience |last2=Bruner |first2=Edward M. |date=1986 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-01249-5 |language=en}}</ref> the pre-harvest cane burning for pest control,<ref name=":112"/> or the burning of cane as an act of [[sabotage]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Cathy |date=2021 |title=Black Femme Rising: Cosplay and Playing Mas as New Narratives of Transgression |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1333520 |journal=American Journal of Play |language=en |volume=13 |pages=320–355 |issn=1938-0399}}</ref> during the time of slavery. [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|Slavery was abolished]] in Trinidad and other British territories in 1833, with Emancipation taking effect 1 August 1834.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The West Indian colonies and emancipation |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/parliament-and-the-american-colonies-before-1765/the-west-indian-colonies-and-emancipation/ |website=UK Parliament}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamilton-Davis |first=Ryan |date=2024-04-19 |title=Trinidad and Tobago to celebrate African Emancipation Day on August 1 |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2024/04/19/trinidad-and-tobago-to-celebrate-african-emancipation-day-on-august-1/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US}}</ref> After Emancipation, Canboulay developed into a festival for freed slaves and former indentured laborers to celebrate freedom. It was celebrated annually on [[Emancipation Day]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Munro |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIVmoBuZ6AAC&q=canboulay |title=Different Drummers: Rhythm and Race in the Americas |date=2010-07-16 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-26283-6 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1881, the British colonial government on Trinidad attempted to ban Canboulay. This resulted in disturbances known as the [[Canboulay riots|'''Camboulay Riots''']], which took place in [[Port of Spain]], [[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago|San Fernando]], and [[Princes Town]]. It is said that people smeared themselves with oil or paint to avoid being recognized,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-15 |title=Jouvert: Carnival high times, from Trinidad to the diaspora |url=https://pan-african-music.com/en/jouvert-in-the-diaspora/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=PAM - Pan African Music |language=en-US}}</ref> or may have been covered in black [[soot]] from burning cane.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-01-01 |title=Trinidad Carnival — come turn yourself on |url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-57/come-turn-yourself-on |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Caribbean Beat Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Today, covering bodies in oil, paint, or other substances is a distinctive tradition of J'ouvert.<ref name=":92">{{cite web |title=Traditional Mas Characters - Jab Molassie |url=http://www.ncctt.org/new/index.php/about-ncc/departments/regional/trad-carnival-characters/312-traditional-mas-characters-jab-molassie.html |access-date=1 September 2019 |publisher=National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last1=Green |first1=Garth L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGSnsW6rA6EC&dq=trinidad+jab+jab+j'ouvert&pg=PA229 |title=Trinidad Carnival: The Cultural Politics of a Transnational Festival |last2=Scher |first2=Philip W. |date=2007-03-28 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-11672-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":102">{{cite web |date=18 August 2011 |title=A Carnival Theme Rooted in our Traditions by Dr. Nicole Phillip |url=https://groundationgrenada.com/2011/08/18/a-carnival-theme-rooted-in-our-traditions-by-dr-nicole-phillip/ |access-date=1 September 2019 |website=GroundationGrenada.com}}</ref> This tradition was likely carried forward in remembrance of the Canboulay Riots.<ref name=":12" />