Editing J. Edgar Hoover (section)

===Bureau of Investigation===
====Head of the Radical Division====
In August 1919, the 24-year-old Hoover became head of the Bureau of Investigation's new General Intelligence Division, also known as the Radical Division because its goal was to monitor and disrupt the work of domestic radicals.<ref name=Weiner-ch3>
{{cite book
|last= Weiner
|first= Tim
|author-link= Tim Weiner
|title= Enemies – A history of the FBI
|year= 2012
|publisher= Random House
|location= New York, NY
|isbn= 978-0-679-64389-0
|edition= 1
|chapter= Traitors}}
</ref> America's [[First Red Scare]] was beginning, and one of Hoover's first assignments was to carry out the [[Palmer Raids]].<ref name="murray">
{{cite book
|title= Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920
|url= https://archive.org/details/redscarestudyinn00murr
|url-access= registration
|last= Murray
|first= Robert K.
|year= 1955
|publisher= University of Minnesota Press
|location= Minneapolis, MN
|isbn= 978-0-8166-5833-6
|page= [https://archive.org/details/redscarestudyinn00murr/page/193 193]}}
</ref> Hoover and his chosen assistant, George Ruch,<ref>
Ruch was one of two people to name their own sons J. Edgar, and complained of the idea that radicals should "be allowed to speak and write as they like." (Summers, 2011)
</ref> monitored a variety of U.S. radicals. Targets during this period included [[Marcus Garvey]];<ref name=Ellis1994>
{{cite journal
|last= Ellis
|first= Mark
|title= J. Edgar Hoover and the 'Red Summer' of 1919
|journal= Journal of American Studies
|date= April 1994
|volume= 28
|issue= 1
|pages= 39–59
|jstor= 27555783
|quote=Hoover asked Anthony Caminetti, the Commissioner of the Bureau of Immigration, to consider deporting Garvey, forwarding an anonymous letter from New York about Garvey's alleged crookedness. Meanwhile, George Ruch placed Garvey at the top of a new central list of deportable radicals. ... Hoover ordered a new investigation of Garvey's "aggressive activities" and the preparation of a deportation case. ... eventually, in 1923, when Hoover was Assistant Director and Chief of the [[Bureau of Investigation|BI]], he nailed Garvey for mail fraud. Garvey was imprisoned in February 1925 and deported to Jamaica in November 1927.
|doi= 10.1017/S0021875800026554
|s2cid= 145343194
}}
</ref> [[Rose Pastor Stokes]] and [[Cyril Briggs]];<ref name=Kornweibel1998>
{{cite book|last= Kornweibel Jr.
|first= Theodore
|title= Seeing Red: Federal Campaigns Against Black Militancy, 1919–1925
|year= 1998
|publisher= Indiana University Press
|location= Bloomington
|isbn= 9780253333377
|chapter-url= {{Google books|7Br3bZZzcv8C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}
|page= [https://archive.org/details/seeingredfederal00korn/page/145 145]
|chapter= The Most Colossal Conspiracy against the United States
|quote= Convinced that the ''crusader'' was 'financed by the Communist Party,' agents described Briggs as one of Rose Pastor Stokes' 'able assistants in this work.'
|url= https://archive.org/details/seeingredfederal00korn/page/145
}}
</ref> [[Emma Goldman]] and [[Alexander Berkman]];<ref name=HooverMemo23Aug1919>
{{cite web
|last= Hoover
|first= J. Edgar
|title= Memorandum for Mr. Creighton
|url= http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/goldman/Exhibition/deportation.html
|work= Berkeley Digital Library: War Resistance, Anti-Militarism, and Deportation, 1917–1919
|publisher= Department of Justice
|access-date= August 15, 2012
|location= Washington, D.C.
|date= August 23, 1919
|quote=Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman are, beyond doubt, two of the most dangerous anarchists in this country and if permitted to return to the community will result in undue harm.
}}
</ref> and future Supreme Court justice [[Felix Frankfurter]], who, Hoover maintained, was "the most dangerous man in the United States".<ref name=Summers2011>
{{cite news
|last= Summers
|first= Anthony
|title= The secret life of J Edgar Hoover
|url= https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jan/01/j-edgar-hoover-secret-fbi
|access-date= August 15, 2012
|newspaper= The Observer
|date= December 31, 2011
|location= London, UK}}
</ref> In 1920, at D.C.'s Federal Lodge No. 1 in Washington, D.C., the 25-year-old Hoover was initiated as a [[Freemason]].<ref>{{cite web|title= A few famous freemasons  |website=Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon |url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926124632/http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html|archive-date=September 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Famous Masons in History |website=Matawan Lodge No. 192 F&AM |url=http://www.matawanlodge.org/famous.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510153526/http://www.matawanlodge.org/famous.htm|archive-date=May 10, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Famous Masons |website=Penrhyn Gold Hill #32 |publisher=Mastermason.com |url=http://mastermason.com/PGH32/famousmasons.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104173702/http://mastermason.com/PGH32/famousmasons.html|archive-date=January 4, 2016}}</ref> He went on to join the [[Scottish Rite]] in which he was made a 33rd Degree Inspector General Honorary in 1955.<ref>{{cite web|title=17 Of The Most Influential Freemasons Ever|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-influential-freemasons-2014-3?IR=T#earl-warren--sequoia-lodge-no-349-oakland-1919-12 |first1=Christina |last1=Sterbenz |first2=Robert |last2=Johnson |date=March 20, 2014|website=Business Insider|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122015117/https://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-influential-freemasons-2014-3?IR=T|archive-date=November 22, 2015|access-date=September 30, 2018}}</ref>

====Head of the Bureau of Investigation====
In 1921, Hoover rose in the [[Bureau of Investigation]] to deputy head, and in 1924 the Attorney General made him the acting director. On May 10, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge appointed Hoover as the fifth Director of the Bureau of Investigation, partly in response to allegations that the prior director, [[William J. Burns]], was involved in the [[Teapot Dome|Teapot Dome scandal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/04/president-seeks-to-retain-hoover.html|title=President Seeks to Retain Hoover|last=Lewis|first=Anthony|date=May 4, 1964|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042939/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/04/president-seeks-to-retain-hoover.html|archive-date=March 14, 2018|url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url= https://www.fbi.gov/history/directors/william-j-burns
|title= William J. Burns, August 22, 1921 – June 14, 1924
|website= Federal Bureau of Investigation
|access-date= January 19, 2017}}</ref> When Hoover took over the Bureau of Investigation, it had approximately 650&nbsp;employees, including 441&nbsp;Special Agents.<ref>
{{cite book
|title= Encyclopedia of United States National Security
|last= Samuels
|first= Richard J.
|date= December 21, 2005
|publisher= SAGE
|isbn= 9780761929277
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FmI5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT292
|language= en}}</ref> Hoover fired all female agents and banned the future hiring of them.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Poster|first1=Winifred R.|title=Cybersecurity needs women|issue=7698|journal=Nature|volume=555|pages=577–580|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-03327-w|pmid=29595805|date=March 26, 2018|bibcode=2018Natur.555..577P|doi-access=free}}</ref>[[File:Director_Hoover_1940_Office.jpg|thumb|upright|Hoover in 1940]]
Hoover was sometimes unpredictable in his leadership. He frequently fired Bureau agents, singling out those he thought "looked stupid like truck drivers," or whom he considered "pinheads".<ref>
{{cite book
|last= Schott
|first= Joseph L.
|title= No Left Turns: The FBI in Peace & War
|url= https://archive.org/details/noleftturns0000scho
|url-access= registration
|publisher= Praeger
|year= 1975|isbn= 978-0-275-33630-1}}</ref> He also relocated agents who had displeased him to career-ending assignments and locations. [[Melvin Purvis]] was a prime example: Purvis was one of the most effective agents in capturing and breaking up 1930s gangs, and it is alleged that Hoover maneuvered him out of the Bureau because he was envious of the substantial public recognition Purvis received.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Purvis|first1= Alston|last2= Tresinowski|first2= Alex|title= The Vendetta: FBI Hero Melvin Purvis's War against Crime and J. Edgar Hoover's War Against Him|url= https://archive.org/details/vendettafbiherom00purv/page/183|url-access= registration|publisher= Public Affairs|year= 2005|pages= [https://archive.org/details/vendettafbiherom00purv/page/183 183+]|isbn= 978-1-58648-301-2}}</ref>

In December 1929, Hoover oversaw the protection detail for the Japanese Naval Delegation who were visiting Washington, D.C., on their way to attend negotiations for the [[London Naval Treaty|1930 London Naval Treaty]] (officially called Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament). The Japanese delegation was greeted at [[Washington Union Station|Washington Union (train) Station]] by U.S. Secretary of State  [[Henry L. Stimson]] and the Japanese Ambassador [[Katsuji Debuchi]]. The Japanese delegation then visited the White House to meet with President [[Herbert Hoover]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dec. 23, 1929 – J. Edgar Hoover oversees the protection detail for the visiting Japanese Naval Delegation in Washington, D.C. – U.S. Secretary of State Stimson and the Japanese Ambassador Debuchi greet the visitors and escort them to the White House to meet with President Hoover|url=https://theemperorandthespy.com/2020/07/dec-23-1929-j-edgar-hoover-oversees-the-protection-detail-for-the-visiting-japanese-naval-delegation-in-washington-d-c-u-s-secretary-of-state-stimson-and-the-japanese-ambassador-debuchi-gree/|website=TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com|date=July 8, 2019}}</ref>