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Jakub Berman
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==Fall from power== In 1952, Anna Duracz, Berman's secretary, was arrested. In 1954, he was attacked during a party plenum by [[Aleksander Zawadzki]], who claimed that, as he originated from a [[bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] Jewish family, Berman lacked a proper understanding of the Polish workers' movement. After the death of First Secretary Bierut, Berman resigned from the PZPR Politburo (and from the position of first deputy prime minister) in May 1956.<ref name="Jestem córką Jakuba 158–164" /><ref name="Eisler siedmiu 120">Jerzy Eisler, ''Siedmiu wspaniałych. Poczet pierwszych sekretarzy KC PZPR'' [The Magnificent Seven: first secretaries of the PZPR], p. 120.</ref> He was earlier incriminated by [[Józef Światło]], a former official in the [[Ministry of Public Security (Poland)|Ministry of Public Security]], who defected to the [[Western Bloc|West]].<ref name="Jestem córką Jakuba 158–164"/> Berman was relieved from the [[Central Committee]] of the PZPR in the fall of 1956 and in May 1957, in the aftermath of the [[Polish October]], dismissed from the party altogether. He attempted to get his membership reinstated, wrote appeals in 1960 and 1964, but was rejected on both occasions.<ref name="Jestem córką Jakuba 167">Lucyna Tychowa and Andrzej Romanowski, ''Tak, jestem córką Jakuba Bermana'' [Yes, I'm the Daughter of Jakub Berman], p. 167.</ref> He was considered responsible for the "Stalinist-era errors and distortions" by which they meant dogmatic and sectarian party attitudes and breaking the rule of law.<ref name="Werblan 172">Andrzej Werblan, ''Szkice i polemiki'' [Sketches and polemics], p. 172, published in 1970 by [[Książka i Wiedza]], Warsaw</ref>
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