Editing James Cook (section)

==First voyage (1768–1771)==
[[File:Cook Three Voyages 59.png|thumb|upright=2.0|alt=A map of the entire globe, with lines showing where Cook's ships travelled|The tracks of Captain James Cook's voyages. The first voyage is shown in '''<span style="color:red;">red</span>''', second voyage in '''<span style="color:green;">green</span>''', and third voyage in '''<span style="color:blue;">blue</span>'''. The track of Cook's crew following his death is shown as a dashed blue line.]]
{{Main|First voyage of James Cook}}

Cook's first scientific voyage was a three-year expedition to the south Pacific Ocean aboard [[HMS Endeavour|HMS ''Endeavour'']], conducted from 1768 to 1771. The voyage was jointly sponsored by the [[Royal Navy]] and [[Royal Society]].{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=cix}}{{efn|The Royal Society agreed to pay Cook a one hundred [[Guinea (coin)|guinea]] gratuity, equivalent to {{GBP|{{Inflation|UK-GDP|{{£sd |g=100}}|1768|r=0}}|link=yes}} in {{Inflation/year|UK}}, in addition to his Naval pay.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=cix}}}} The publicly stated goal was to observe the 1769 [[transit of Venus]] from the vantage point of [[Tahiti]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=47-56}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=95}} Additional objectives{{snd}}outlined in sealed orders not to be opened until Cook reached Tahiti{{snd}}included: searching for the postulated ''[[Terra Australis|Terra Australis Incognita]]'' (undiscovered southern land); and to claim lands for Britain.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=47-56}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=95}}{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=cclxxii-cclxxiii}}{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=cclxxii-cclxxiii}}{{efn|The sealed orders to Cook read, in part: "You are also with the Consent of the Natives to take possession of Convenient Situations in the Country in the Name of the King of Great Britain; or, if you find the Country uninhabited take Possession for His Majesty by setting up Proper Marks and Inscriptions, as first discoverers and possessors. ... You will also observe with accuracy the Situation of such Islands as you may discover in the Course of your Voyage that have not hitherto been discover’d by any Europeans, and take possession for His Majesty and make Surveys and Draughts of such of them as may appear to be of Consequence, without Suffering yourself however to be thereby diverted from the Object which you are always to have in View, the Discovery of the Southern Continent so often Mentioned." {{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=cclxxii-cclxxiii}} }}{{efn | 
During the first voyage, Cook laid claims to several lands, including:<br> 
*   [[Raʻiātea]], the second largest island in [[Society Islands]] (after Tahiti), 21 July 1769.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=144}}<br>
*  [[Mercury Bay]] in modern New Zealand, 15 November 1769.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp= 203-204}}<br> 
*  [[Queen Charlotte Sound / Tōtaranui|Queen Charlotte Sound]] in modern New Zealand, 30 January 1770.{{sfn| Collingridge|2003|p=189}}<br>
*   Entire east coast of modern Australia (Cook called it New South Wales) 22 August 1770.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=387-388}}
}}

In early 1768, the Admiralty asked shipwright [[Adam Hayes]] to select a vessel for the expedition; he chose the merchant [[Collier (ship)|collier]] ''Earl of Pembroke''.{{sfn|McLintock|1966}}<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.captaincooksociety.com/cooks-voyages/first-pacific-voyage/april-june-1768
|access-date=25 May 2025
|title=April - June, 1768 
|year=2018
|publisher=Captain Cook Society
}} The Captain Cook Society cites Admiralty Minutes curated at The National Archives (TNA) in Kew. Specific records are: 5 April 1768 ADM/3/76; 12 April 1768 ADM/3/76; 
 12 April 1768 ADM/3/76; 25 May 1768 ADM/3/76.</ref>{{efn|The ''Earl of Pembroke'' was built by Thomas Fishburn, launched in June 1764 from the [[Port of Whitby]].{{sfn|McLintock|1966}} Cook had lived in [[ Whitby ]] for three years when apprenticing for the merchant marine, and he was familiar with colliers, and with Fishburn.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=46}}
}} She was renamed ''Endeavour'' by the navy. On 6 May 1768, at age 39, Cook took his examination for the rank of lieutenant{{snd}}a rank that was required for the captain of a ship armed with the number of guns planned for ''Endeavour''.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=38-39}} The promotion to [[Lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]] was effective on 25 May 1768, the date he took command.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=39}}<ref name="Rigby30">{{harvnb|Rigby|van der Merwe|2002|p=30.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Beazley|1911|p=71}}<ref>{{harvnb|Kippis|1788|pp=22,23}}. Kippis incorrectly states that Cook and [[Hugh Palliser]] selected the ship for the voyage.</ref> Like most colliers, ''Endeavor'' had a large hold, a sturdy construction that would tolerate grounding, was small enough to be [[Careening|careened]] for repairs, and had a small draft that enabled navigating in shallows.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|p=280}}{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|p=41}} Upon completion of the first voyage, Cook wrote "It was to these properties in her, those on board owe their Preservation. Hence I was enabled to prosecute Discoveries in those Seas so much longer than any other Man ever did or could do."{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|p=280}} When selecting ships for his second voyage in 1772, Cook chose the same type of ship, from the same shipbuilder.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=280-281}}

The Admiralty authorised a ship's company of 73 sailors and 12 [[Royal Marines]].{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=588}} Cook's second lieutenant was [[Zachary Hicks]], and his third lieutenant was [[John Gore (seaman)|John Gore]], a 16-year Naval veteran who had circumnavigated the world in 1766 aboard [[HMS Dolphin (1751)|HMS ''Dolphin'']].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=63–64}}{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=cxxx}} Also on the ship were astronomer [[Charles Green (astronomer)|Charles Green]] and botanist [[Joseph Banks]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=50-52}} Banks provided funding for seven others to join the journey, including naturalists, artists, a secretary, and two servants.<ref>{{cite book
|first=Richard 
|last=Holmes
|title=The Age of Wonder
|isbn=9780307378323
|publisher=HarperPress
|year=2009
}}, p. 10. Holmes incorrectly states that Green's first name was William, not Charles.</ref>

===Transit of Venus===
The expedition departed England on 26 August 1768.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=140}} Cook and his crew rounded [[Cape Horn]] and continued westward across the Pacific, arriving at [[Tahiti]] on 13 April 1769, where the [[1769 Transit of Venus observed from Tahiti|observations of the transit]] were made.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=101-102,146, 158-165}} However, the result of the observations was not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=165}} Once the observations were completed, Cook opened the sealed orders, which instructed him to search for the postulated southern continent of ''Terra Australis''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Secret Instructions to Captain Cook, 30 June 1768 |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |url=http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/nsw1_doc_1768.pdf |access-date=3 September 2011 |archive-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427203030/https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/nsw1_doc_1768.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

===New Zealand and Australia===
Cook then sailed to New Zealand and landed near the [[Tūranganui River (Gisborne)|Tūranganui River]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=114-118}} Encounters with the Māori on the first two days were violent: a Māori was shot and killed on each of the days.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=114-118}}{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=198-201}} Cook then sailed around both of the New Zealand islands, mapping the complete coastline.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=119-138}}{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=202-225}} With the aid of [[Tupaia (navigator)|Tupaia]], a Tahitian priest who had joined the expedition, Cook was the first European to communicate with the [[Māori people|Māori]].<ref>{{cite book
 |last=Salmond 
|first=Anne
|author-link=Anne Salmond
 |title=Two worlds: First Meetings Between Māori and Europeans, 1642–1772
|url=https://archive.org/details/twoworldsfirstme0000anne
|access-date=29 May 2025
 |date=1991
 |publisher=Viking
 |isbn=0-670-83298-7
 |oclc=26545658
}}</ref> Despite Cook's attempts to establish relations, many encounters turned violent, and a total of nine Māori were killed during the voyage.<ref>{{cite magazine
|title=British Government ‘Expresses Regret’ for Māori Killed After James Cook’s Arrival in New Zealand
|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/british-government-expresses-regret-maori-killed-after-james-cooks-arrival-new-zealand-180973270/
|website=Smithsonian Magazine
|issn=0037-7333
|date=3 October 2019
|first=Brigit
|last= Katz
|access-date=29 May 2025
}} British government statement describes nine deaths.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1974|pp=198–200, 202, 205–207.}}</ref> 
[[File:Cook's landing at Botany Bay.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15
|alt=Cook in a small boat, approaching a shore, where two Australian Aborigines are standing
|Cook landing at [[Botany Bay]], artist unknown.]]

Cook then voyaged west, reaching the southeastern coast of Australia near [[Point Hicks]] on 19 April 1770.<ref name=":1">{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1974|pp=226–228.}}</ref>{{efn|At this time, the [[International Date Line]] had yet to be established, so the dates in Cook's journal are a day earlier than those accepted today.}} In doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline.<ref>{{cite web 
|date=18 July 2018
 |title=Queensland's History Pre-1700s
 |url=https://www.qld.gov.au/about/about-queensland/history/timeline/pre-1700s 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615052433/https://www.qld.gov.au/about/about-queensland/history/timeline/pre-1700s 
|archive-date=15 June 2024 
|access-date=29 December 2024 
|website=Queensland Government}}</ref>{{efn|Earlier explorers had encountered the northern and southern coasts of Australia.}} On 23 April, Cook saw [[Aboriginal Australians]] for the first time at [[Brush Island]] near [[Bawley Point, New South Wales|Bawley Point]].<ref name= jour22Apr>{{cite web
 |url=http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700422.html
 |title=Cook's Journal: Daily Entries, 22 April 1770
 |access-date=21 September 2011
 |archive-date=27 September 2011
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927080037/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700422.html
 |url-status=live}}
</ref>{{efn|Cook noted in his journal: "... and were so near the Shore as to distinguish several people upon the Sea beach they appear'd to be of a very dark or black Colour but whether this was the real colour of their skins or the C[l]othes<!--not a mistake, don't change it--> they might have on I know not."<ref name= jour22Apr/>}} ''Endeavour'' continued northwards along the coastline, keeping the land in sight, while Cook charted and named landmarks along the way.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=137-140}} On 29 April, Cook and crew made their first landfall on the continent in [[Botany Bay]], at the east end of [[Silver Beach (New South Wales)|Silver Beach]].{{efn|The landing location is within the modern [[Kamay Botany Bay National Park]]. Cook initially named the bay Sting-Ray Harbour, after the many stingrays found there,{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=142}} but later changed it to Botany Bay, in recognition of the unique specimens retrieved by expedition botanists Banks and Solander.<ref>{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1974|p=230.}}</ref>}} In the expedition's first direct encounter with Aboriginal Australians, two Gweagal men of the [[Dharawal]] / [[Eora]] nation opposed the landing, and one of them was shot and wounded by Cook's crew.<ref>{{cite web |title=Voices heard but not understood |url=https://www.gujaga.org.au/stories/voices-heard-but-not-understood |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=Gujaga Foundation |date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308075129/https://www.gujaga.org.au/stories/voices-heard-but-not-understood |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto22">{{cite web |title=Cook's Journal: Daily Entries, 29 April 1770 |url=http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700429.html |access-date=25 October 2019 |website=southseas.nla.gov.au |publisher=South Seas |archive-date=8 April 2011 |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110408181719/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700429.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Blainey|2020|pp=141–43.}}</ref>

Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, exploring the surrounding area and collecting water, timber, fodder, and botanical specimens.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=140-144}} Cook sought to establish relations with the Indigenous population without success.<ref>{{Cite book
 |last=FitzSimons
 |first=Peter
 |title=James Cook: the story behind the man who mapped the world
 |date=2019 
|publisher=Hachette Australia
 |isbn=978-0-7336-4127-5 
|pages=304–306
|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/James_Cook/oqWiDwAAQBAJ
|access-date=29 May 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Blainey|2020|pp=146–157.}}</ref> Their first landing site was later to be promoted, particularly by Joseph Banks, as a suitable candidate for situating a settlement and [[British colony|British colonial]] outpost.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=142}}<ref>{{harvnb|Blainey |2020|p=287.}}</ref>

[[File:StateLibQld 1 184663 Endeavour (ship).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3
|alt=A large wooden ship, resting on its side on a beach
| ''Endeavour'' beached for repairs after running aground on the [[Great Barrier Reef]] in 1770. Drawing by ship artist [[Sydney Parkinson]].]]
After his departure from Botany Bay, he continued northwards, stopping at [[Bustard Bay]] on 23 May 1770.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=145}} The ships proceeded north through the shallow and extremely dangerous [[Great Barrier Reef]]. On 11 June ''Endeavour'' ran aground on the reef at high tide.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=148-151}} The ship was stuck fast, so Cook ordered all excess weight thrown overboard, including six cannons and some of the ship's ballast. She was eventually hauled off after 27 hours, on the second high tide after the grounding.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=237-239}} The ship was leaking badly, so the crew [[Fothering|fothered]] the damage (hauled a spare sail under the ship to cover and slow the leak).{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=148-151}} Cook then [[careen]]ed the ship on a beach at the mouth of the [[Endeavour River]] for seven weeks while repairs were undertaken.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=151-155}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Blainey|2020|pp=195-197, 227.}}</ref> 
<!--The crew's encounters with the local Aboriginal people were mostly peaceful, although following a dispute over green turtles Cook ordered shots to be fired and one local was lightly wounded.<ref>{{harvnb|Blainey|2020|pp=220–221.}}</ref> -->

The voyage continued northward until they reached the northeast tip of Australia: [[Cape York Peninsula|Cape York]]. Searching for a vantage point to look for a route forward, Cook saw a hill on a nearby island. On 22 August 1770, he stood atop the island and claimed the entire Australian coast that he had surveyed as British territory, and named the island [[Possession Island (Queensland)|Possession Island]].{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=237}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=James |date=21 August 1770 |title=Cook's Journal: Daily Entries |url=http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700821.html |access-date=28 August 2020 |website=National Library of Australia |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031092849/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700821.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The expedition then turned west and continued homeward through the dangerously shallow waters of the [[Torres Strait]].

===Return to England===
In October 1770, Cook stopped in [[History of Jakarta|Batavia]] (modern [[Jakarta]], Indonesia), where the Dutch dockyard facilities were used to inspect and repair the damage from running aground on the Great Barrier Reef.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|p=253}} While in Batavia, seven of his crew died from [[malaria]], and 40 were sickened.{{sfn|Edwards|2003|p=189}} From Batavia, he sailed to the [[Cape of Good Hope]], then to the island of [[Saint Helena]], arriving on 30 April 1771.<ref>{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1968|p=468.}}</ref> The ship finally returned to England on 12 July 1771, anchoring in [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]], and Cook disembarked to go to [[Deal, Kent|the town of Deal]] in Kent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/the-first-voyage-1768-1771 |title=The First Voyage (1768–1771) |publisher=The Captain Cook Society (CCS) |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403121441/https://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/the-first-voyage-1768-1771 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|The duration of the first voyage was 1,050 days, from 26 August 1768 to 12 July 1771.}}

Shortly after his return, Cook was promoted in August 1771 to the rank of [[Commander (Royal Navy)|commander]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hough|1994|p=180.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McLynn|2011|p=167.}}</ref> Cook's journal of the first voyage was published in 1773.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=290-291}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=262-263}}{{efn|
The publication was edited by [[John Hawkesworth (book editor)|John Hawkesworth]], and was combined with journals of several other British naval expeditions to the Pacific. It was given a lengthy title that began ''[[An Account of the Voyages]]...''.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=290-291}} }} Banks received accolades from the press and the scientific community.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=251-254}} Banks planned to travel with Cook in the second voyage, but his excessive demands for modifications to the ship conflicted with the Admiralty's constraints, so he removed himself from the voyage before it departed.{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=259-263}}