Editing Jean-Marie Lustiger (section)

===Archbishop of Paris (1981–2005)===
[[File:Pope John Paul II in Bosnia 1997g.jpg|thumb|Lustiger with Pope John Paul II in Bosnia, 1997; Cardinal [[Franjo Kuharić]] on right]]
On 31 January 1981 Lustiger was named [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris|Archbishop of Paris]], succeeding Cardinal Marty. According to Georges Suffert, he was supported by a letter to John Paul II from [[André Frossard]].<ref name=Fig/> Archbishop [[Marcel Lefebvre]], the founder of the [[Traditionalist Catholic]] group [[Society of Saint Pius X]], criticized his nomination. He said that the position was being given to "someone who is not truly of French origin".<ref name=IHT/> Liberal French clergy considered Lustiger's nomination a defeat for them.<ref name=Terras/>

Lustiger was considered a first-rate communicator and he was a personal friend of [[Jean Gélamur]], head of the Catholic media group [[Bayard Presse]].<ref name=Terras/> The new archbishop was particularly attentive to the media; he developed Catholic radio and television channels (Radio Notre-Dame) after [[François Mitterrand]]'s liberalization of French media in 1981. He founded [[KTO (TV channel)|KTO]] TV in 1999, which struggled financially.<ref name="Monde_obituary">[https://archive.today/20130107022133/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-942138@51-942139,0.html Le cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger est mort], ''[[Le Monde]]'', 5 August 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Lustiger also founded a new [[seminary]] for training priests, bypassing the existing arrangements.

He was considered, primarily by his critics, to be authoritarian, earning him the nickname of "Bulldozer".<ref name=Monde_obituary/><ref name=IHT/> Lustiger deposed the vicars general [[Michel Guittet]] and [[Pierre Gervaise]], had [[Georges Gilson]] transferred to [[Le Mans]] and [[Emile Marcus]] to [[Nantes]], personally headed the meetings of the episcopal council, and made numerous other changes.<ref name=Terras/> He dismantled P. Béguerie's team in [[Saint-Séverin]].<ref name=Terras/> In October 1981, the French bishops elected the more liberal [[Jean-Félix-Albert-Marie Vilnet]] as President of the [[Conférence des évêques de France|Episcopal Conference]], with whom Lustiger was on difficult terms throughout his life.<ref name=Terras/> In 1982, he invited for the celebration of [[Lent]] in Notre-Dame [[Roger Etchegaray]] (whom he disliked at first) and the Jesuit [[Roger Heckel]].<ref name=Terras/> He participated in the annual meeting of the movement ''[[Comunione e Liberazione]]'' in [[Rimini]] in summer 1982.<ref name=Terras/> In January 1983 he invited Cardinal [[Pope Benedict XVI|Joseph Ratzinger]] to [[Notre-Dame de Paris]], where the latter criticized new catechisms proposed by a large part of the French clergy.<ref name=Terras/>

He was incardinated [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal-Priest]] of [[Santi Marcellino e Pietro al Laterano|Santi Marcellino e Pietro]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] in the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of 2 February 1983, at the same time as the Jesuit theologian [[Henri de Lubac]].<ref name=Terras/> On 26 November 1994, he was named Cardinal-Priest of [[San Luigi dei Francesi]]. As a cardinal, Lustiger began to attract international attention. He was considered ''[[papabile]],'' or eligible for election as pope. Certain Catholic circles interpreted the [[Prophecy of the Popes|Prophecy of Malachy]] in reference to him as a Jewish Pope.<ref name=Terras/>

Lustiger carried out several reforms in the Archdiocese of Paris concerning priests' training, creating in 1984 an independent theological faculty in the [[École cathédrale de Paris]], distinct from the [[Catholic University of Paris]] aka ''Institut Catholique de Paris (ICP)''. He constructed seven new churches in Paris. In addition, he supported the development of [[charismatic]] movements, such as the [[Emmanuel Community]] (of which he was in charge until June 2006) and the [[Chemin Neuf Community]]. The latter was recognized in 1984 by the Vatican as an [[Directory of International Associations of the Faithful|International Association of the Faithful]]. Some parishes were entrusted to charismatic movements. In Paris, he ordained 200 priests; they represented 15 percent of the French total, and were drawn from a diocese which had two per cent of the French population.<ref name=Telegraph/> Strongly attached to the ideal of priestly celibacy, Lustiger used his position as Ordinary for Orientals to prevent the deployment of married Eastern Rite Catholic priests in France. He favoured development of a permanent [[diaconate]], to be filled mainly by married men involved in the workplace.

In 1984, Lustiger led a mass rally at [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]] in opposition to the [[Savary Law]], which reduced state aid to [[Education in France|private (which was mostly Catholic) education]]. He was seen to surpass his comrades [[Jean Vilnet]], [[Paul Guiberteau]] and [[Jean Honoré]], who were leaders on the issue.<ref name=Terras/> Shortly afterwards [[Alain Savary]] had to resign. This opposition cemented Lustiger's relations with the groups supporting private education, from whose midst he was to draw most of his candidates for the priesthood. He supported the [[1905 Law on the Separation of Church and State]], but, when testifying before the [[Commission Stasi]] on secularism, he opposed the [[French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|2004 French law on secularity]], which limited conspicuous religious symbols in schools.<ref>''[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]'', 24 September 2003 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

Lustiger had his right-hand man, [[André Vingt-Trois]], appointed bishop in 1988. Following [[Marcel Lefebvre]]'s schism in June 1988, Lustiger tried to reduce tensions with the [[Traditionalist Catholic]]s, celebrating a [[Tridentine Mass]]<ref name=Terras/> and sending conservative priest [[Patrick Le Gal]] as his emissary to Lefebvre.<ref name=Terras/> Along with Cardinal [[Albert Decourtray]], he strongly criticised [[Martin Scorsese]]'s ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ (film)|The Last Temptation of Christ]]'' in 1988, clashing with the liberal bishop [[Jacques Gaillot]].<ref name=Terras/>

Along with his clerical contacts, Lustiger maintained contacts with the political world. He developed rather good working relations with [[François Mitterrand]]'s [[French Socialist Party|Socialist]] government, despite their political disagreements.<ref name=Terras/> During the celebrations of the second centenary of the [[French Revolution]] in 1989, he opposed Minister of Culture [[Jack Lang (French politician)|Jack Lang]] about the [[Pantheon (Paris)|Pantheonization]] of the [[Abbé Grégoire]], one of the first priests to take the oath on the [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy]]. For this, he was criticized by the liberal Catholic review ''Golias''.<ref>[http://golias-editions.fr/spip.php?article969 Quand Mgr Lustiger corrige l’abbé Grégoire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928215039/http://golias-editions.fr/spip.php?article969 |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''Golias'', 4 August 2006 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> He deposed the priest [[Alain Maillard de La Morandais]] from his diplomatic functions toward the political sphere, as he considered him to be too pro-[[Édouard Balladur|Balladur]] during the [[1995 French presidential election|1995 presidential campaign]].<ref name=Monde/> Despite his opposition to Mitterrand's governments, Lustiger, as Archbishop of Paris, presided over Mitterrand's funeral.

Lustiger's search for dialogue with politicians led to his founding in 1992 of the Centre Pastoral d'Etudes politiques at St. Clotilde church in the 7th arrondissement, close to the hub of the French establishment. He sought to identify and conciliate rising national élites in politics and communication. He was less amenable to initiatives from non-French Catholic groups or individuals (their position was inconclusively debated at the Diocesan Synod).

Relations with the cultural sphere were promoted by a series of Lenten Sermons at Notre-Dame (into which dialogue with prominent French intellectuals and state-employed academics were introduced) and by plans for the opening of the Centre St. Bernard in the 5th arrondissement.

Lustiger was never elected as head of the ''[[Conférence des évêques de France]]'' (French Episcopal Conference) by his peers, with whom he was not popular. He was elected a member of the ''[[Académie française]]'' in 1995, succeeding [[Albert Decourtray]] and bypassing Cardinal [[Paul Poupard]].<ref name=Terras/> Two years later, he organized a [[World Youth Day]] in Paris, attended by more than a million people.<ref name=IHT/>