Editing Jewish languages (section)

==Status==
Among the most widely spoken Jewish languages to develop in the diaspora are [[Yiddish]], [[Judaeo-Spanish|Judeo-Spanish]], and the [[Judeo-Arabic languages|Judeo-Arabic]] group of languages. [[Yiddish]] is the Judeo-German language developed by [[Ashkenazi Jews]] who lived in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] before [[World War II]]. [[Judaeo-Spanish|Judeo-Spanish]], also called ''Judezmo'' and ''Muestra Spanyol'', is the Judeo-Spanish language developed by [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic Jews]] who lived in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] before the expulsion by the [[Catholic Monarchs]]. [[Judeo-Catalan]] (also called ''Catalanic'' or ''Qatalanit''), was the Jewish language spoken by the Jewish communities in [[Catalonia]], [[Valencia]], and the [[Balearic Islands]]. [[Judeo-Provençal]] and [[Judeo-Gascon]] were two Jewish varieties of [[Occitan language]] as it was historically spoken by [[French Jews]].<ref>{{citation | last = Nahon | first = Peter | year=2017 | title=Diglossia among French Sephardim as a motivation for the genesis of 'Judeo-Gascon' | journal=Journal of Jewish Languages | volume=5| issue=1 | pages=104–119 | doi=10.1163/22134638-12340080 | url = https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01942642/file/JJL%281%29.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{citation | last = Nahon | first = Peter | year=2021 | title=Modern Judeo-Provençal as Known from Its Sole Textual Testimony: ''Harcanot et Barcanot'' (Critical Edition and Linguistic Analysis) | journal=Journal of Jewish Languages | volume=9| issue=2 | pages=165–237 | doi=10.1163/22134638-bja10014 | s2cid = 243838176 | url = https://hal.science/hal-03775737/file/22134638_bja10014_text.pdf }}.</ref>

Many ancient and distinct Jewish languages, including [[Judaeo-Georgian|Judeo-Georgian]], [[Judeo-Arabic dialects|Judeo-Arabic]], [[Judeo-Berber language|Judeo-Berber]], [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]], [[Judeo-Italian languages|Judeo-Italian]], [[Judeo-Malayalam]] have largely fallen out of use due to the impact of the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] on [[History of the Jews in Europe|European Jewry]], the [[Jewish exodus from Arab lands]], the assimilation policies of [[Israel]] in its early days and other factors.

Yiddish was the language spoken by the largest number of Jews in the 1850s, but today the three most commonly spoken languages among Jews are English, [[modern Hebrew]], and Russian—in that order.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bh.org.il/links/jewishlangs.asp |title=Jewish Languages |access-date=2008-07-03 |publisher=[[Beth Hatefutsoth|Beth Hatefutsoth, The Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725085641/http://www.bh.org.il/Links/JewishLangs.asp |archive-date=2008-07-25 }}</ref> Yiddish, as well as several other Jewish languages, has contributed to the vocabulary of coterritorial non-Jewish languages, such as [[Yiddish words used in English|English]] or [[French language|French]].<ref>For Yiddish loanwords in French, see P. Nahon, « Notes lexicologiques sur des interférences entre yidich et français moderne », Revue de linguistique romane 81, 2017, p. 139-155.</ref>

[[Kol Yisrael]], Israel's former public-service broadcaster, had long maintained short daily news and featured programming in many Jewish languages and dialects. For domestic audiences, it broadcast in [[Judeo-Iraqi Arabic]] on its Arabic network, while also producing in Yiddish, Judeo-Spanish, [[Judeo-Moroccan Arabic]], [[Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)|Bukharian]] and [[Judeo-Tat]] for both domestic and overseas shortwave audiences in relevant areas. In addition, for over two decades starting in the late 1970s, a daily 30-minute shortwave transmission was made to [[Yemen]] in [[Judeo-Yemeni Arabic]].

[[Radio Exterior|Radio Exterior de España]], [[Spain]]'s international public broadcaster, provides programming in Judeo-Spanish, which they refer to as Sefardi.<ref>[http://www.rtve.es/programas/sefardi REE programs in Ladino]</ref>

In the [[United States]]<ref>{{cite web |title=American Yiddish Radio |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2021/05/american-yiddish-radio/ |access-date=September 15, 2024 |date=May 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Station Identification: A Cultural History of Yiddish Radio in the United States |url=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/book/station-identification-a-cultural-history-of-yiddish-radio-in-the-united-states |website=Jewish Book Council |access-date=September 15, 2024 |date=August 25, 2011}}</ref> as well as in [[Birobidzhan|Birobidzhan, Russia]], there are some local radio programs in Yiddish.<ref>{{cite web |last1=GUR |first1=HAVIV RETTIG |title=Yiddish returns to Birobidzhan |url=https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-features/yiddish-returns-to-birobidzhan |website=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=September 15, 2024 |date=April 17, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Shaun |date=September 27, 2024 |title=Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/27/revival-of-a-soviet-zion-birobidzhan-celebrates-its-jewish-heritage |access-date=September 15, 2024 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

[[Judeo-Marathi]] ({{Langx|mr|जुदाव मराठी}}) is a form of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] spoken by the [[Bene Israel]], a [[Jewish ethnic divisions|Jewish ethnic group]] that developed a unique identity in [[India]]. Judeo-Marathi, like other Marathi dialects, is written in the [[Devanagari]] script. It may not be sufficiently different from Marathi as to constitute a distinct language, although it is characterized by a number of [[loanword]]s from [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]] as a result of influence from the [[Cochin Jews|Cochin Jewish]] community, as well as from [[Judeo-Malayalam]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and also some influence from the [[Urdu]] language.