Editing Jonah (section)

===In Christianity===
[[File:Last Judgement (Michelangelo) - Jonah and Jesus.jpg|thumb|In his fresco ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'', Michelangelo depicted Christ below Jonah (IONAS) to qualify the prophet as his precursor.]]
[[File:Biblia.pauperum.jpg|thumb|Christ rises from the tomb, alongside Jonah spit onto the beach.]]
====In the New Testament====
In the [[New Testament]], Jonah is mentioned in the gospels of [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]]<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|12:38–41|9}} and {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|16:4|9}}</ref> and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|11:29–32|9}}</ref>{{sfn|Limburg|1993|page=39}} In Matthew, [[Jesus]] makes a reference to Jonah when he is asked for a sign by some of the [[Scribe|scribes]] and the [[Pharisees]].{{sfn|Stein|1994|page=3}}{{sfn|Sanders|1993|page=167}} Jesus says that the sign will be the [[Typology (theology)#Example of Jonah|sign of Jonah]]:{{sfn|Stein|1994|page=3}}{{sfn|Sanders|1993|page=167}} Jonah's restoration after three days and three night inside the great fish prefigures [[Resurrection of Jesus|his own resurrection]].{{sfn|Stein|1994|page=3}}
{{Blockquote|<sup>39</sup>He answered, "A wicked and adulterous generation asks for a sign! But none will be given it except the sign of the prophet Jonah. <sup>40</sup>For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of a huge fish, so the Son of Man will be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. <sup>41</sup>The men of Nineveh will stand up at the judgment with this generation and condemn it; for they repented at the preaching of Jonah, and now something greater than Jonah is here."|Gospel of Matthew, 12:39–41<ref>{{Bibleref2|Matthew|12:39–41|NIV}}</ref> ([[New International Version]])}}

In Luke, [[Jesus]] makes a reference to Jonah in an eschatological prophecy, after a woman in the crowd suddenly exclaims, "Blessed is the womb that bare thee, and the paps which thou hast sucked" (Luke 11:27 - King James Version):

{{Blockquote|<sup>29</sup>And when the people were gathered thick together, he began to say, "This is an evil generation: they seek a sign; and there shall no sign be given it, but the sign of Jonas the prophet. <sup>30</sup>For as Jonas was a sign unto the Ninevites, so shall also the Son of man be to this generation. <sup>31</sup>The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation, and condemn them: for she came from the utmost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a greater than Solomon is here. <sup>32</sup>The men of Nineve shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: for they repented at the preaching of Jonas; and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here. <sup>33</sup>No man, when he hath lighted a candle, putteth it in a secret place, neither under a bushel, but on a candlestick, that they which come in may see the light. <sup>34</sup>The light of the body is the eye: therefore when thine eye is single, thy whole body also is full of light; but when thine eye is evil, thy body also is full of darkness. <sup>35</sup>Take heed therefore that the light which is in thee be not darkness. <sup>36</sup>If thy whole body therefore be full of light, having no part dark, the whole shall be full of light, as when the bright shining of a candle doth give thee light."|Gospel of Luke, 11:29–36<ref>{{Bibleref2|Luke|11:29–36|KJV}}</ref> ([[King James Version]])}}

{{Listen
| filename     = The Golden Jubilee Quartet - Oh Jonah.ogg
| title        = Oh Jonah!
| description  = "Oh Jonah!", a [[Gospel music|gospel]] summary of the Book of Jonah, sung by the Golden Jubilee Quartet
}}
Jonah is regarded as a saint by a number of Christian denominations. His feast day in the [[Roman Catholic church|Roman Catholic Church]] is on 21 September, according to the ''[[Roman Martyrology|Martyrologium Romanum]]''.<ref name="MR"/> On the [[Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar]], Jonah's feast day is on 22 September (for those churches which follow the traditional [[Julian calendar]]; 22 September currently falls in October on the modern [[Gregorian calendar]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Lives of all saints commemorated on September 22 |url=https://oca.org/saints/all-lives/2017/09/22 |publisher=Orthodox Church in America |date=22 September 2017|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> In the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], moveable feasts are held in commemoration of Jonah as a single prophet and as one of the [[Twelve Minor Prophets]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Commemoration of the Prophet Jonah |url=http://armenianchurch.ge/en/component/content/article/36-february/80-prophetjonah |publisher=Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Holy Church in Georgia|access-date=13 March 2018 |archive-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314104527/http://armenianchurch.ge/en/component/content/article/36-february/80-prophetjonah |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Commemoration of the 12 Minor Prophets |url=http://armenianchurch.ge/en/component/content/article/41-july/127-12minorprophets |publisher=Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Holy Church in Georgia|access-date=13 March 2018 |archive-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042956/http://armenianchurch.ge/en/component/content/article/41-july/127-12minorprophets |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Commemoration Day of the 12 Minor Prophets. 24 July 2018|url=http://ststepanos.org/calendar/commemoration-day-of-the-12-minor-prophets/2018-07-24/|publisher=Saint Stepanos Armenian Apostolic Church of Elberon in New Jersey|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-date=14 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042752/http://ststepanos.org/calendar/commemoration-day-of-the-12-minor-prophets/2018-07-24/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jonah's mission to the Ninevites is commemorated by the [[Fast of Nineveh]] in [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac]] and [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]] Churches.<ref name=SycOrth>{{cite web|title=Three day fast of Nineveh |url=http://sor.cua.edu/Feast/NinevehFast.html |publisher=Syriac Orthodox Resources|date=8 February 1998|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref> Jonah is commemorated as a prophet in the [[Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|Calendar of Saints]] of the [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod|Missouri Synod of the Lutheran Church]] on 22 September.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Commemoration of Jonah, Prophet, 22 September |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Lutheran+Church+Missouri+Synod%22%22The+Commemoration+of+Jonah,+Prophet,+22+September%22 |publisher=Concordia and Koinonia|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

[[Christian theology|Christian theologians]] have traditionally interpreted Jonah as a [[Typology (theology)|type]] for Jesus Christ.{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|pages=11–20}} Jonah being in swallowed by the giant fish was regarded as a foreshadowing of [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Jesus's crucifixion]]{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|pages=11–13}} and Jonah emerging from the fish after three days was seen as a parallel for Jesus emerging from the tomb after three days.{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|pages=11–13}} [[Saint Jerome]] equates Jonah with Jesus's more [[nationalism|nationalistic]] side,{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|page=20}} and justifies Jonah's actions by arguing that "Jonah acts thus as a patriot, not so much that he hates the Ninevites, as that he does not want to destroy his own people."{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|page=20}}

====Post-Biblical views====
[[File:Jonah.jpg|thumb|left|[[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] [[icon]] of Jonah, 16th century ([[Iconostasis]] of [[Kizhi]] [[monastery]], [[Karelia]], Russia)]]
Other Christian interpreters, including [[Saint Augustine]] and [[Martin Luther]], have taken a directly opposite approach,{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|pages=23–25}} regarding Jonah as the epitome of envy and jealousness, which they regarded as inherent characteristics of the Jewish people.{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|page=25}} Luther likewise concludes that the ''kikayon'' (plant) represents Judaism,{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|pages=23–24}} and that the worm which devours it represents Christ.{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|page=24}} Luther also questioned the idea that the Book of Jonah was ever intended as literal history,{{sfn|Gaines|2003|page=19}} commenting that he found it hard to believe that anyone would have interpreted it as such if it were not in the Bible.{{sfn|Gaines|2003|page=19}} Luther's [[antisemitic]] interpretation of Jonah remained the prevailing interpretation among German Protestants throughout early modern history.{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|pages=24–26}} [[J. D. Michaelis]] comments that "the meaning of the fable hits you right between the eyes",{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|page=25}} and concludes that the Book of Jonah is a polemic against "the Israelite people's hate and envy towards all the other nations of the earth."{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|page=25}} [[Albert Eichhorn]] was a strong supporter of Michaelis's interpretation.{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|pages=25–26}}

[[John Calvin]] and [[John Hooper (bishop)|John Hooper]] regarded the Book of Jonah as a warning to all those who might attempt to flee from the wrath of God.{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|pages=32–33}} While Luther had been careful to maintain that the Book of Jonah was not written by Jonah,{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|page=33}} Calvin declared that the Book of Jonah was Jonah's personal confession of guilt.{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|page=33}} Calvin sees Jonah's time inside the fish's belly as equivalent to the fires of [[Hell]], intended to correct Jonah and set him on the path of righteousness.{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|pages=34–36}} Also, unlike Luther, Calvin finds fault with all the characters in the story,{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|page=33}} describing the sailors on the boat as "hard and iron-hearted, like [[Cyclopes|Cyclops']]",{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|page=33}} the penitence of the Ninevites as "untrained",{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|page=33}} and the king of Nineveh as a "novice".{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|page=33}} Hooper, on the other hand, sees Jonah as the [[archetype|archetypal]] [[dissident]]{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|pages=39–40}} and the ship he is cast out from as a symbol of the state.{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|pages=39–40}} Hooper deplores such dissidents,{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|pages=39–40}} decrying: "Can you live quietly with so many Jonasses? Nay then, throw them into the sea!"{{sfn|Sherwood|2000|page=40}} In the eighteenth century, German professors were forbidden from teaching that the Book of Jonah was anything other than a literal, historical account.{{sfn|Gaines|2003|page=19}}