Editing Judiciary Square (section)

===19th century===
Development was slow around the Square. By 1802, there were six shanties occupied by Irish immigrants on the southern edge of the Square. There was also a small hospital around the Square to treat immigrants workers. That building was later converted into a [[poorhouse]]. The last building around the square at that time was a barn, which housed prisoners waiting to be transferred to other facilities. In 1802, the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] ordered local government official [[Daniel Brent]] to construct a jail, later nicknamed the McGurck Jail after a murderer was confined there until his execution, in the center of the Square.<ref name=nom/><ref name=habs/><ref name=old1>{{cite news | url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1913-05-03/ed-1/seq-24/#date1=1756&index=2&rows=20&words=JUDICIARY+OLD+SQUARE+WASHINGTON&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=District+of+Columbia&date2=1963&proxtext=%22Old+Washington%3A+Judiciary+Square%22&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 | title=Old Washington: Judiciary Square – Part 1 | work=The Evening Star | date=May 3, 1913 | accessdate=February 11, 2024 | author=Croggon, James | pages=10 | archive-date=February 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212083631/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1913-05-03/ed-1/seq-24/#date1=1756&index=2&rows=20&words=JUDICIARY+OLD+SQUARE+WASHINGTON&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=District+of+Columbia&date2=1963&proxtext=%22Old+Washington%3A+Judiciary+Square%22&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[George Hadfield (architect)|George Hadfield]] designed the $8,000 two-story building.<ref name=habs/>

Robert King produced a fourth version of a city map which showed Judiciary Square as rectangular. The first major building erected in the area was the [[District of Columbia City Hall]], designed by Hadfield, which was constructed from 1820 to the 1840s. Despite the building not being completed, the city government and circuit court for [[Washington County, D.C.]], moved into it beginning in 1822.<ref name=nom/><ref name=habs/> After city hall came into use, there was development in the neighborhood. Architect [[James Hoban]] lived in a house on the corner of 5th and D Streets. The city's registrar, William Hewitt, built a large home near 6th and D Streets, a few doors down from architect [[Charles Bulfinch]].<ref name=nom/>
[[File:Trinity Episcopal Church (Washington, D.C.) in color.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of Trinity Episcopal Church and the U.S. Capitol|[[Trinity Episcopal Church (Washington, D.C.)|Trinity Episcopal Church]] was one of many houses of worship built in the neighborhood during the 19th century.]]
The First Unitarian Church, designed by Bulfinch and now known as [[All Souls Church, Unitarian (Washington, D.C.)|All Souls Church, Unitarian]], was built in 1822 at the corner of 6th and D Streets. Other buildings constructed in the 1820s include a [[Masonic Temple]] and First Presbyterian Church, located on 4 1/2th Street, the Wesley Methodist Church, [[Trinity Episcopal Church (Washington, D.C.)|Trinity Episcopal Church]], designed by [[James Renwick Jr.]], the American Theater, and public baths. The area's houses of worship were numerous. In addition to the aforementioned churches, German immigrants built St. Mary Mother of God Church and a synagogue for the [[Washington Hebrew Congregation]]. Years later, the [[Lillian & Albert Small Capital Jewish Museum|Adas Israel Synagogue]] was built at 6th and G Streets by Eastern European and Russian Jews.<ref name=nom/>

A new jail designed by [[Robert Mills (architect)|Robert Mills]] was built on the northeast corner of the Square in 1839, replacing the one built in 1802. The former jail was renovated into the Washington Infirmary Hospital, operated by Columbian College, now known as [[George Washington University]]. A few years later public school Fifth Street Schoolhouse was built near the hospital..<ref name=nom/><ref name=habs/> In 1840, the Rittenhouse Academy opened at 3rd Street and Indiana Avenue, which was a sign that area residents could afford tuition.<ref name=nom/>

In the following decades, Judiciary Square had a heavily residential population. By the 1850s-1860s, its proximity to the courthouses attracted lawyers, judges, and clerks to the neighborhood, while its location between the White House and the Capitol made it ideal for government employees. Among its most prominent residents around this time were Chief Justice [[Roger B. Taney]], Senator [[Thomas Hart Benton (senator)|Thomas Hart Benton]], Vice President [[John C. Calhoun]], statesman [[Daniel Webster]], and Mayor [[Richard Wallach]].<ref name=nom/><ref name=habs/> There were still many empty lots on the north and east sides of the Square during this period, possibly due to the sloping terrain or proximity to the jail.<ref name=habs/>

During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the buildings surrounding the Square were commandeered by the federal government and used as medical facilities for wounded [[Union Army|Union]] soldiers. The Washington Infirmary Hospital was also converted into a military hospital. Tragedy struck on November 3, 1861, when a fire broke out inside the hospital, resulting in several deaths. A new hospital, U.S. General Hospital, was constructed in the Square, as was the nearby [[Providence Hospital (Washington, D.C.)|Providence Hospital]], which survived for almost 100 years.<ref name=nom/><ref name=habs/><ref name=old1/> One building constructed during the war and faced the Square contained a small library, founded by Elida B. Rumsey, and her fiancé, John A Fowle. Congress allocated money for them to construct a one-story building on the Square to use as a library, which was completed on their wedding day in 1863.<ref name=habs/>
[[File:District of Columbia Court of Appeals.JPG|thumb|alt=Statue of Abraham Lincoln|The [[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall)|statue of Abraham Lincoln]] by [[Lot Flannery]] stands in front of the old [[District of Columbia City Hall]].]]
As the war continued in 1865, President [[Abraham Lincoln]] was [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|assassinated]], shocking the city's residents. An association was soon formed to raise money for a monument to the slain president. On the three year anniversary of Lincoln's death, the [[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall)|statue of Abraham Lincoln]] by sculptor [[Lot Flannery]] was installed in front of City Hall, becoming the first monument in the nation honoring Lincoln.<ref name=nom/><ref name=legacy>{{cite book | title=L'enfant's Legacy: Public Open Spaces in Washington, D.C. | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | author=Bednar, Michael | year=2006 | pages=121-129 | isbn=9780801883187}}</ref>

In the years following the war, there was a large influx of people moving into the city, but many areas had not yet been graded or plotted. [[Alexander Robey Shepherd|Alexander "Boss" Shepherd]] was responsible for large-scale improvements to the city. This included modernizing the Judiciary Square neighborhood with public work projects, including paved roads, adding sewer lines, and landscaping public land. Additional improvements included building a small public restroom, adding footpaths, narrowing the roads on the southern end of the Square, and adding a fountain in the Square. The school and old jail were demolished by 1878 and replaced with green space and the Goose Creek was drained. The goal was to make the Square a landscaped area similar to ones designed by [[Andrew Jackson Downing]].<ref name=nom/><ref name=habs/>

Expansion of City Hall based on the design of [[Edward Clark (architect)|Edward Clark]] began in 1882, the same year the cornerstone was laid for the massive Pension Building (now known as the [[National Building Museum]]), designed by [[Montgomery C. Meigs]] and located on the northern end of the Square. The building was inspired by the [[Palazzo Farnese]], [[Palazzo della Cancelleria]], and the [[Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri]].<ref name=nom/> The building encompassed {{convert|112,500|sqft}} of the Square, and with the largest atrium in Washington, D.C., became the place where many [[United States presidential inauguration]] balls took place.<ref name=habs/><ref name=legacy/>

By the end of the 1880s, most lots around the Square were developed, with houses and offices for lawyers, doctors, and professors. Some of the earlier buildings on 4 1/2 Street were demolished to make way for [[John Marshall Park]], which includes the sculpture ''[[Chief Justice John Marshall]]''. The population of the city nearly quadrupled between 1860 and 1900, and many of the new residents lived in older houses and alley dwellings. The neighborhood, which had been a fashionable area for a few decades, saw wealthier residents move to other areas of the city as more working-class people moved into Judiciary Square. A [[Streetcars in Washington, D.C.|streetcar]] line on F Street led to rapid commercial development on the neighborhood's west side. The first apartment building constructed in the neighborhood was the [[Harrison Apartment Building]], at the corner of 3rd and G Streets. This led to additional apartment buildings being constructed in the area. By the end of 19th century, many office buildings were constructed in the neighborhood, signaling a transformation of the surrounding area from residential to commercial.<ref name=nom/>