Editing June (section)

== Climate, daylight and astronomy ==
[[File:Mittsommerfest in Norwegen, Insel Tysnes IMG 4420WI.jpg|thumb|left|The celebration of [[Midsummer]] (the [[June solstice]]) in Norway with a [[bonfire]]]]
In the [[Northern Hemisphere]], June marks the commencement of [[summer]], while in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], it is the start of [[winter]]. In the Northern Hemisphere, the beginning of the traditional [[astronomical season|astronomical summer]] is 21 June, while [[meteorological season|meteorological summer]] commences on 1 June. In the Southern Hemisphere, astronomical winter starts on 21 June while meteorological winter begins on 1 June.<ref name="Hund">{{cite book|first=Andrew|last=Hund|editor-first=S. George|editor-last=Philander|year=2012|title=Encyclopedia of Global Warming & Climate Change|edition=2|volume=1|publisher=[[Sage Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-5063-2075-5|pages=1245–1246}}</ref>

The [[June solstice]]—known as the [[summer solstice]] in the Northern Hemisphere and [[winter solstice]] in the Southern Hemisphere—occurs for one-day between 20–22 June (most often on 21 June), marking the longest day of the year in terms of [[daylight]] hours in the Northern Hemisphere and the shortest day in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Todd|last1=Timberlake|first2=Paul|last2=Wallace|year=2019|title=Finding Our Place in the Solar System: The Scientific Story of the Copernican Revolution|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-18229-5|page=36}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=P.|last=Rocher|date=n.d.|title=Solstice d'été de 1583 à 2999|trans-title= 
Summer solstice from 1583 to 2999|work=Institut de mécanique céleste et de calcul des éphémérides|publisher=[[Observatory of Paris]]|language=French|url=https://www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Solstice_ete_1583_2999.pdf|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> In places north of the [[Arctic Circle]], this is when the [[midnight sun]] occurs for the longest period, during which the Sun remains visible even at [[midnight]].<ref name="Hund"/> Conversely, it is [[polar night]] in places within the [[Antarctic Circle]], during which the Sun remains below the [[horizon]] for more than 24 hours.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Jørgen|last1=Berge|first2=Geir|last2=Johnsen|year=2020|editor1-first=Jørgen|editor1-last=Berge|editor2-first=Geir|editor2-last=Johnsen|editor3-first=Jonathan H.|editor3-last=Cohen|chapter=Life and Light at the Dead of Night|title=Polar Night Marine Ecology: Life and Light in the Dead of Night|volume=4|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=978-3-030-33208-2|page=317}}</ref>

In [[astronomy]], certain [[meteor showers]] occur annually during this month. The [[Arietids]]—among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year—last from 22 May until 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June; the [[Beta Taurids]] take place between 5 June and 18 July, peaking on 28 June; and the [[June Bootids]] commence between 22 June and 2 July, peaking on 27 June.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gary W.|last=Kronk|year=2013|chapter=June Meteor Showers|title=Meteor Showers: An Annotated Catalog|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-1-4614-7897-3|pages=106, 111–112, 134}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Maria|last1=Hajdukova|first2=Regina|last2=Rudawska|date=16 August 2023|url=https://www.ta3.sk/IAUC22DB/MDC2022/Roje/roje_lista.php?corobic_roje=1&sort_roje=0|title=Established meteor showers|work=Meteor Data Center|publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> The [[full moon]] that occurs in June{{efn|Because it takes the Moon approximately 29.5 days to go through all of its [[lunar phases]], this results in there usually being one full moon for every month of the year. Culturally, each full moon has its own name corresponding to the month in which it appears.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/what-are-names-full-moons-throughout-year|title=Why do we have special names for full moons?|publisher=[[Royal Museums Greenwich]]|date=n.d.|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>}} is most commonly known as the strawberry moon because it coincides with the [[strawberry]]-picking season; other names for it include the ''rose moon'', ''honey moon'' and the poetic ''midsummer moon''.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 June 2024|last=Johnston|first=Gordon|url=https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/skywatching/the-next-full-moon-is-the-strawberry-moon-2/|title=The Next Full Moon is the Strawberry Moon|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/51047406|title=Strawberry Moon 2024: Why is it special, and when will it happen?|date=20 June 2024|work=BBC News|access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|chapter=midsummer moon, n.|date=September 2024|dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/OED/3091675746}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
[[File:A classic summer thunderstorm in Silang, Cavite.jpg|thumb|Summer thunderstorm in the Philippines during [[monsoon]] season, 3 June 2023]]
[[File:Farmers harvesting rice.jpg|thumb|Rice being harvested in [[Igunga]], [[Tabora Region]], Tanzania on 10 June 2016{{efn|In Tanzania, rice is harvested between May and July.<ref name="harvest"/>}}]]
June is one of the hottest months in the Northern Hemisphere, alongside July and August, with July being the hottest;<ref name="Hund"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Marium|last=Ali|date=1 July 2024|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/1/why-is-july-the-hottest-month-of-the-year|title=Why is July the hottest month of the year?|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref> in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the inverse.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thenkabail|first=Prasad S.|year=2015|title=Remote Sensing of Water Resources, Disasters, and Urban Studies|volume=3|series=Remote Sensing Handbook|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4822-1792-6|page=104}}</ref> For instance, the lowest temperature ever recorded in South America occurred on 1 June 1907 in the town of [[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]] in the [[Chubut Province]] of Argentina, measuring -32.8°C (-27°F).<ref name="ClimateRec"/> June 2024 was the hottest June in recorded history at 1.22°C (2.20°F) above the 20th-century global average, beating the previous record held by June 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/global-climate-summary-june-2024|title=Global climate summary for June 2024|date=16 July 2024|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/goddard/nasa-finds-june-2023-hottest-on-record/|title=NASA Finds June 2023 Hottest on Record|date=13 July 2023|publisher=NASA|access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

The [[Atlantic hurricane season]]—when [[tropical cyclone|tropical]] or [[subtropical cyclone]]s are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November.<ref>{{cite book|first=Tommaso|last=Caloiero|year=2018|title=Hydrological Hazard: Analysis and Prevention|publisher=[[Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute]]|isbn=978-3-03897-374-4|page=194}}</ref> In the Indian Ocean north of the [[equator]], around the [[Indian subcontinent]], year-round tropical cyclones appear frequently between May and June.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]|year=2006|title=South Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean|edition=4|series=Sailing Directions – Planning Guides|publisher=ProStar Publications|isbn=978-1-57785-752-5|pages=126, 132}}</ref> In contrast, [[Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone]]s are least likely to form in June because of the dry season of the [[Mediterranean]] having stable air.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=P. T.|last1=Nastos|first2=K.|last2=Karavana-Papadimou|first3=I. T.|last3=Matsangouras|date=September 2015|title=Tropical-like Cyclones in the Mediterranean: Impacts and Composite Daily Means and Anomalies of Synoptic Conditions|publisher=[[University of Athens]]|journal=Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology|url=https://cest2015.gnest.org/papers/cest2015_00407_oral_paper.pdf|pages=2–3|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>

The [[East Asian monsoon|East Asian]],<ref name="EA"/> [[North American monsoon|North American]],<ref>{{cite journal|first1=David K.|last1=Adams|first2=Andrew C.|last2=Comrie|date=October 1997|url=http://geog.arizona.edu/~comrie/reprints/monsoon.pdf|title=The North American Monsoon|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]]|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|volume=78|number=10|pages=2200, 2205|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2197:TNAM>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1997BAMS...78.2197A |access-date=8 October 2024|archive-date=7 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307022657/http://geog.arizona.edu/~comrie/reprints/monsoon.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> [[Monsoon of South Asia|South Asian]] (Indian)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/environment/indian-monsoon-rains-above-average-for-second-year-in-a-row-idUSKBN26L2MN/|first=Rajendra|last=Jadhav|date=30 September 2020|title=Indian monsoon rains above average for second year in a row|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> and [[West African monsoon]]s<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Akinsanola|first1=Akintomide Afolayan|last2=Zhou|first2=Wen|date=22 March 2020|title=Understanding the Variability of West African Summer Monsoon Rainfall: Contrasting Tropospheric Features and Monsoon Index|journal=[[Atmosphere (journal)|Atmosphere]]|publisher=[[MDPI]]|volume=11|number=3|page=309|doi=10.3390/atmos11030309 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020Atmos..11..309A }}</ref> generally begin in June, while the [[monsoon#Europe|European monsoon]] season intensifies that month.<ref>{{cite news|first=Leo|last=Hickman|date=9 July 2008|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/09/weather.europe|title=The Question: What is the European monsoon?|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> The East Asian monsoon commences the [[East Asian rainy season]].<ref name="EA">{{cite book|first=Kozo|last=Ninomiya|year=2001|title=豪雨と降水システム|trans-title=Heavy Rain and Precipitation Systems|publisher=Tokyodo Publishing|isbn=978-4-490-20435-3|pages=121–122|language=Japanese}}</ref> The highest volume of rainfall ever recorded in a one-hour period occurred on 22 June 1947 in the small city of [[Holt, Missouri]] in the United States, measuring 305 mm (12 inches) of rainfall. The greatest rainfall within a 48-hour period occurred between 15–16 June 1995 in the town of [[Cherrapunji]] in [[Meghalaya]], India, with 2.493 metres (98.15 inches) of rainfall recorded.<ref name="ClimateRec">{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/world-meteorological-organization-global-weather-climate-extremes-archive|title=World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive|work=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|publisher=[[Arizona State University]]|date=n.d.|access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
The [[crops]] which are [[harvest]]ed this month include several varieties of corn; [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[maize]], [[rapeseed]], [[rice]], [[rye]] and [[sorghum]] in most of the Northern Hemisphere, and maize, [[cotton]], [[pearl millet]], sorghum and [[soybeans]] in most of the Southern Hemisphere.<ref name="harvest">{{cite web|url=https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/ogamaps/cropcalendar.aspx|title=Crop Calendar Charts|date=n.d.|work=[[Foreign Agricultural Service]]|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref> In much of the Northern Hemisphere, [[apricots]], [[blackberries]], [[blueberries]], [[cherries]], [[mangoes]], [[raspberries]], strawberries and [[watermelons]] are fruits which are considered to be in season or at their peak in June.<ref>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Aliza|year=2015|title=Field Guide to Produce: How to Identify, Select, and Prepare Virtually Every Fruit and Vegetable at the Market|publisher=[[Quirk Books]]| isbn=978-1-59474-848-6|pages=6–7, 15, 24, 96, 100–101}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Evelyn|last=Roehl|year=1996|title=Whole Food Facts: The Complete Reference Guide|edition=2|publisher=Healing Arts Press|page=37|isbn=978-0-89281-635-4}}</ref> Vegetables that are in season in this hemisphere during June include [[asparagus]], [[beetroot]], [[cucumbers]], [[lettuce]], [[peas]], [[radishes]], [[spinach]], [[tomatoes]] and [[zucchini]] (courgettes).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cspinet.org/cspi-news/whats-season-june-produce-guide|first=M. M.|last=Bailey|date=31 May 2024|title=What's in season: June produce guide|publisher=[[Center for Science in the Public Interest]]|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Jessica Saari|last=Christensen|year=2018|title=Better Homes and Gardens New Cook Book|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-1-328-49947-9|edition=17|pages=70–71}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Allan|last=Peters|year=2023|chapter=June|title=RHS Garden Almanac 2024: A Seasonal Guide to Growing, Harvesting and Enjoying Nature|publisher=[[Frances Lincoln Publishers]]|isbn=978-0-7112-8901-7|page=122}}</ref> In much of the Southern Hemisphere, the fruits which are in season are [[avocados]], [[bananas]], [[citrus]] (such as [[grapefruit]], [[lemons]], [[mandarin orange|mandarins]] and [[oranges]]), [[kiwifruit]] and [[pears]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dixie|first=Grahame|editor-last=Jaffee|editor-first=Steven|year=1999|title=Southern African Agribusiness: Gaining Through Regional Collaboration|chapter=Summer Citrus: The Role and Prospects for Southern Africa|publisher=[[World Bank Publications]]|pages=88–90|isbn=978-0-8213-4422-4}}</ref><ref name="V1">{{cite web|url=https://www.voneaustralia.com/seasonal/|title=Seasonal Products|publisher=V One Australia|date=n.d.|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.usda.gov/data/spotlight-perus-fruit-sector-races-new-heights|date=22 June 2021|title=Spotlight: Peru's Fruit Sector Races to New Heights|author=Foreign Agricultural Service|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>