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Juniper
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===Species=== {{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of ''Juniperus''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |last12=Smith |first12=Stephen A. |last13=Yi |first13=Ting-Shuang |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |journal=Nature Plants |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/05/17/2021.03.13.435279.full.pdf |volume=7 |issue= 8|pages=1015–1025 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|biorxiv=10.1101/2021.03.13.435279 |pmid= 34282286|pmc= |bibcode= 2021NatPl...7.1015S|s2cid=232282918 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite work |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre |publisher=Figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Gene_duplications_and_genomic_conflict_underlie_major_pulses_of_phenotypic_evolution_in_gymnosperms/14547354 |doi-access=}}</ref>| {{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:400px |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=section |sublabel1=''Caryocedrus'' |1=''[[Juniperus drupacea|J. drupacea]]'' <small>de Labillardière</small> |label2=section |sublabel2=''Juniperus'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus cedrus|J. cedrus]]'' <small>Webb & Berthelot 1848</small> |2=''[[Juniperus oxycedrus|J. oxycedrus]]'' <small>von Linné</small> }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus rigida|J. rigida]]'' <small>von Siebold & Zuccarini</small> |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus formosana|J. formosana]]'' <small>Hayata</small> |2=''[[Juniperus deltoides|J. deltoides]]'' <small>Adams</small> }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus taxifolia|J. taxifolia]]'' <small>Hooker & Arn.</small> |2=''[[Juniperus communis|J. communis]]'' <small>von Linné</small> }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=section |sublabel1=''Sabina'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus flaccida|J. flaccida]]'' <small>von Schlechtendal</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus standleyi|J. standleyi]]'' <small>Steyermark</small> |2=''[[Juniperus monticola|J. monticola]]'' <small> Martínez</small> }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus osteosperma|J. osteosperma]]'' <small>(Torrey) Little</small> |2=''[[Juniperus occidentalis|J. occidentalis]]'' <small>Hooker</small> }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus gamboana|J. gamboana]]'' <small>Martínez</small> |2=''[[Juniperus deppeana|J. deppeana]]'' <small>Steud.</small> }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus ashei|J. ashei]]'' <small>Buchholz</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus californica|J. californica]]'' <small>Carrière</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus saltillensis|J. saltillensis]]'' <small>Hall</small> |2=''[[Juniperus durangensis|J. durangensis]]'' <small>Martínez</small> }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus monosperma|J. monosperma]]'' <small>(Engelmann) Sarg.</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus coahuilensis|J. coahuilensis]]'' <small>(Martínez) Gaussen ex Adams</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus pinchotii|J. pinchotii]]'' <small>Sudworth</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus angosturana|J. angosturana]]'' <small>Adams</small> |2=''[[Juniperus comitana|J. comitana]]'' <small>Martínez</small> }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus pseudosabina|J. pseudosabina]]'' <small>Fisch. & von Meyer</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus tibetica|J. tibetica]]'' <small>Kom.</small> |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus pingii|J. pingii]]'' <small>Cheng ex Cheng</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus przewalskii|J. przewalskii]]'' <small>Kom.</small> |2=''[[Juniperus saltuaria|J. saltuaria]]'' <small>saltuaria Rehder & Wilson</small> }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus convallium|J. convallium]]'' <small>Rehder & Wilson</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus indica|J. indica]]'' <small>Bertoloni</small> |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus coxii|J. coxii]]'' <small>Jackson</small> |2=''[[Juniperus recurva|J. recurva]]'' <small>Buchanan-Hamilton ex Don</small> }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus komarovii|J. komarovii]]'' <small>Florin</small> |2=''[[Juniperus squamata|J. squamata]]'' <small>Buchanan-Hamilton ex Don</small> }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus phoenicea|J. phoenicea]]'' <small>von Linné</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus procera|J. procera]]'' <small>Hochst. ex Endlicher</small> |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus excelsa|J. excelsa]]'' <small>M. Bieb.</small> |2=''[[Juniperus polycarpos|J. polycarpos]]'' <small>Koch</small> }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus thurifera|J. thurifera]]'' <small>von Linné</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus procumbens|J. procumbens]]'' <small>(von Siebold ex Endlicher) Miquel</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus gaussenii|J. gaussenii]]'' <small>Cheng</small> |2=''[[Juniperus chinensis|J. chinensis]]'' <small>von Linné</small> }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus microsperma|J. microsperma]]'' <small>(Cheng & Fu) Adams</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus blancoi|J. blancoi]]'' <small>Martínez</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus horizontalis|J. horizontalis]]'' <small>Moench</small> |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus semiglobosa|J. semiglobosa]]'' <small>Regel</small> |2=''[[Juniperus sabina|J. sabina]]'' <small>von Linné</small> }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus bermudiana|J. bermudiana]]'' <small>von Linné</small> |2=''[[Juniperus gracilior|J. gracilior]]'' <small>Pilger</small> }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus saxicola|J. saxicola]]'' <small>Britton & Wilson</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus virginiana|J. virginiana]]'' <small>von Linné</small> |2={{clade |1=''[[Juniperus scopulorum|J. scopulorum]]'' <small>Sarg.</small> |2=''[[Juniperus barbadensis|J. barbadensis]]'' <small>von Linné</small> }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ==== ''Juniperus'' sect. ''Caryocedrus'' ==== Cones with three seeds fused together; needles with two stomatal bands. One species:<ref name=UckeAdamSchwParc21>{{Cite journal |last1=Uckele |first1=Kathryn A. |last2=Adams |first2=Robert P. |last3=Schwarzbach |first3=Andrea E. |last4=Parchman |first4=Thomas L. |date=2021 |title=Genome-wide RAD sequencing resolves the evolutionary history of serrate leaf ''Juniperus'' and reveals discordance with chloroplast phylogeny |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=156 |page=107022 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107022 |pmid=33242585 |bibcode=2021MolPE.15607022U |s2cid=227182680 |url=https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&context=hbs_fac |name-list-style=amp |url-access=subscription }}</ref> *''[[Juniperus drupacea]]'' – Syrian juniper ==== ''Juniperus'' sect. ''Juniperus'' ==== Needle-leaf junipers; the adult leaves are needle-like, in whorls of three, and jointed at the base. Species:{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} *''Juniperus'' sect. ''Juniperus'' subsect. ''Juniperus'' – cones with three separate seeds; needles with one stomatal band **''[[Juniperus communis]]'' – common juniper ***''Juniperus communis'' subsp. ''alpina'' – alpine juniper **''[[Juniperus conferta]]'', syn. ''Juniperus rigida'' var. ''conferta'' <small>(Parl.) Patschke</small> – shore juniper **''[[Juniperus rigida]]'' – Temple juniper or needle juniper *''Juniperus'' sect. ''Juniperus'' subsect. ''Oxycedrus'' – cones with three separate seeds; needles with two stomatal bands **''[[Juniperus brevifolia]]'' – Azores juniper **''[[Juniperus cedrus]]'' – Canary Islands juniper **''[[Juniperus formosana]]'' – Chinese prickly juniper **''[[Juniperus lutchuensis]]'', syn. ''Juniperus taxifolia'' var. ''lutchuensis'' <small>(Koidz.) Satake</small> – Ryukyu juniper **''[[Juniperus oxycedrus]]'' – Western prickly juniper, cade juniper **''[[Juniperus macrocarpa]]'' – large-berry juniper ==== ''Juniperus'' sect. ''Sabina'' ==== Scale-leaf junipers; adult leaves are mostly scale-like, similar to those of ''[[Cupressus]]'' species, in opposite pairs or whorls of three, and the juvenile needle-like leaves are not jointed at the base (including in the few that have only needle-like leaves; see below right). ===== Old World species ===== [[File:SabinaChinensis.jpg|thumb|Avenue of ''Juniperus chinensis'']] [[File:El Hierro Sabinar.JPG|thumb|''[[Juniperus phoenicea]]'' on [[El Hierro]], [[Canary Islands]]]] *''[[Juniperus chinensis]]'' – Chinese juniper *''[[Juniperus convallium]]'' – Mekong juniper *''[[Juniperus excelsa]]'' – Greek juniper *''[[Juniperus foetidissima]]'' – stinking juniper *''[[Juniperus indica]]'' – Himalayan black juniper *''[[Juniperus komarovii]]'' – Komarov's juniper *''[[Juniperus phoenicea]]'' – Phoenicean juniper *''[[Juniperus pingii]]'' – Ping juniper *''[[Juniperus procera]]'' – East African juniper *''[[Juniperus procumbens]]'' – Ibuki juniper *''[[Juniperus pseudosabina]]'' – Xinjiang juniper *''[[Juniperus recurva]]'' – Himalayan juniper *''[[Juniperus sabina]]'' – Savin juniper *''[[Juniperus saltuaria]]'' – Sichuan juniper *''[[Juniperus semiglobosa]]'' – Himalayan pencil juniper *''[[Juniperus seravschanica]]'' – Pashtun juniper<ref>Adams, R.P., Al-Farsi, A. & Schwarzbach, A.E. (2014). Confirmation of the southern-most population of Juniperus seravschanica in Oman by DNA sequencing of nrDNA and four cpDNA regions Phytologia 96: 218–224.</ref> *''[[Juniperus squamata]]'' – flaky juniper *''[[Juniperus thurifera]]'' – Spanish juniper *''[[Juniperus tibetica]]'' – Tibetan juniper ===== New World species ===== [[File:JuniperRockCreek.JPG|thumb|upright|''[[Juniperus grandis]]'' in the eastern [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]], Rock Creek Canyon, California]] [[File:Juniper berries q.jpg|thumb|''[[Juniperus virginiana]]'' in October laden with ripe cones]] *''[[Juniperus angosturana]]'' – Mexican one-seed juniper *''[[Juniperus ashei]]'' – Ashe juniper *''[[Juniperus arizonica]]'' – redberry juniper, roseberry juniper *''[[Juniperus barbadensis]]'' – West Indies juniper *''[[Juniperus bermudiana]]'' – Bermuda juniper *''[[Juniperus blancoi]]'' – Blanco's juniper *''[[Juniperus californica]]'' – California juniper *''[[Juniperus coahuilensis]]'' – Coahuila juniper *''[[Juniperus comitana]]'' – Comitán juniper *''[[Juniperus deppeana]]'' – alligator juniper *''[[Juniperus durangensis]]'' – Durango juniper *''[[Juniperus flaccida]]'' – Mexican weeping juniper *''[[Juniperus gamboana]]'' – Gamboa juniper *''[[Juniperus grandis]]'' – Sierra juniper *''[[Juniperus horizontalis]]'' – creeping juniper *''[[Juniperus jaliscana]]'' – Jalisco juniper *''[[Juniperus maritima]]'', syn. ''Juniperus scopulorum'' – seaside juniper *''[[Juniperus monosperma]]'' – one-seed juniper *''[[Juniperus monticola]]'' – mountain juniper *''[[Juniperus occidentalis]]'' – western juniper *''[[Juniperus osteosperma]]'' – Utah juniper *''[[Juniperus pinchotii]]'' – Pinchot juniper *''[[Juniperus saltillensis]]'' – Saltillo juniper *''[[Juniperus scopulorum]]'' – Rocky Mountain juniper *''[[Juniperus standleyi]]'' – Standley's juniper *''[[Juniperus virginiana]]'' – eastern juniper, eastern redcedar **''Juniperus virginiana'' subsp. ''silicicola'' – Southern juniper *''[[Juniperus zanonii]]'' (proposed)<ref name="Phytologia">{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Robert|title=Phytologia (April 2010) 92(1)|url=http://www.juniperus.org/AdamsPapersPDFFiles/238-92%281%29105-117AdamsJzanoniiCerroPotosiandFcompataIxta.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172241/http://www.juniperus.org/AdamsPapersPDFFiles/238-92(1)105-117AdamsJzanoniiCerroPotosiandFcompataIxta.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21}}</ref> ====Additional species==== {{As of|2022|April}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepts the following additional species to those listed above:<ref name="POWO_60436243-2">{{cite web |title=''Juniperus'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60436243-2 |access-date=2022-04-22 }}</ref> *''[[Juniperus canariensis]]'' <small>Guyot & Mathou</small> *''[[Juniperus coxii]]'' <small>A.B.Jacks.</small> *''[[Juniperus deltoides]]'' <small>R.P.Adams</small> *''[[Juniperus gracilior]]'' <small>Pilg.</small> *''[[Juniperus mairei]]'' <small>Lemée & H.Lév.</small> *''[[Juniperus morrisonicola]]'' <small>Hayata</small> *''[[Juniperus mucronata]]'' <small>R.P.Adams</small> *''[[Juniperus navicularis]]'' <small>Gand.</small> *''[[Juniperus poblana]]'' <small>(Martínez) R.P.Adams</small> *''[[Juniperus polycarpos]]'' <small>K.Koch</small> *''[[Juniperus przewalskii]]'' <small>Kom.</small> *''[[Juniperus saxicola]]'' <small>Britton & P.Wilson</small> *''[[Juniperus taxifolia]]'' <small>Hook. & Arn.</small> *''[[Juniperus tsukusiensis]]'' <small>Masam.</small> *''[[Juniperus turbinata]]'' <small>Guss.</small>
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