Editing Khasi language (section)

==Phonology==
This section discusses mainly the [[phonology]] of Standard Khasi as spoken in and around the capital city, Shillong.

Khasi, mainly spoken in Meghalaya, is surrounded by unrelated languages: [[Assamese language|Assamese]] to the north and east, [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] to the south (both [[Indo-Aryan languages]]), [[Garo language|Garo]] (a [[Tibeto-Burman language]]) to the west, and a plethora of other Tibeto-Burman languages including [[Meithei language|Manipuri]], [[Mizo language|Mizo]] and [[Bodo language|Bodo]].

Although over the course of time, language change has occurred, Khasi retains some distinctive features:
* Khasi remains a stress language, without [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]], unlike many of its Tibeto-Burman neighbors.
* Like its Mon-Khmer relatives, Khasi has a large inventory of [[Phoneme|phonemic]] vowels (see below)
* The [[Syllable|syllable structure]] of Khasi words resembles that of many Mon-Khmer languages, with many lexical items showing a CCVC shape, in which many combinations of consonants are possible in the onset (see examples below).

===Consonants===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan= 4 |
! colspan=2 |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=2 |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan=2 |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan=2 |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
! colspan=2 |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=2 |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan=2 |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan= 4| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| colspan= 2| {{IPA link|m}}
| colspan= 6| {{IPA link|n}}
| colspan= 2| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| colspan= 2| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
| colspan= 2|
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan= 2 |[[Plosive consonant|Stop]]
!colspan= 2 | [[Unaspirated]]
| style= "border-right: 0;"| {{IPA link|p}}
| style= "border-left: 0;"| {{IPA link|b}}
| colspan= 2| {{IPA link|t̪}}
| colspan= 4| {{IPA link|d}}
| colspan= 2| {{IPA link|c}}
| colspan= 2| {{IPA link|k}}
| colspan= 2| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
!colspan= 2 | [[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
| style= "border-right: 0;"| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| style= "border-left: 0;"| {{IPA link|bʱ}}
| colspan= 2| {{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}
| colspan= 4| {{IPA link|dʱ}}
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
| colspan= 2|
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan= 2 |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!colspan= 2 | [[Unaspirated]]
| style= "border-right: 0;"|
| style= "border-left: 0;"|
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 4| {{IPA link|dʒ}}
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2|
|-
!colspan= 2 | [[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
| style= "border-right: 0;"|
| style= "border-left: 0;"|
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 4| {{IPA link|dʒʱ}}
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2|
|-
! colspan= 4| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2| {{IPA link|s}}
| colspan= 2| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan= 4| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2| {{IPA link|j}}
| colspan= 2| {{IPA link|w}}
| colspan= 2|
|-
! colspan= 4| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 6| {{IPAlink|r}}
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2|
|-
! colspan= 4| [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 6| {{IPA link|l}}
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2|
| colspan= 2|
|}

{|class= "wikitable" style= "text-aliɡn: center;"|
|+Examples
|-
! colspan =1 |
!
! IPA
! Translation
!
!
! IPA
! Translation
|-
! {{IPA link|m}}
| mrad
| {{IPA|kha|mraːt̚|}}
| animal
! {{IPA link|n}}
| nar
| {{IPA|kha|nar|}}
| iron
|-
! {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| ñia
| {{IPA|kha|ɲaː|}}
| aunt
! {{IPA link|ŋ}}
| ngen
| {{IPA|kha|ŋɛn|}}
| wane
|-
! {{IPA link|p}}
| pan
| {{IPA|kha|paːn|}}
| ask
! {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| phylla
| {{IPA|kha|pʰɨlːaː|}}
| special
|-
! {{IPA link|b}}
| blang
| {{IPA|kha|blaŋ|}}
| goat
! {{IPA link|bʱ}}
| bhoi
| {{IPA|kha|bʱɔɪ|}}
| Bhoi
|-
! {{IPA link|t̪}}
| tdong
| {{IPA|kha|t̪dɔŋ|}}
| tail
! {{IPA link|tʰ}}
| thah
| {{IPA|kha|t̪ʰaːʔ|}}
| ice
|-
! {{IPA link|d}}
| dur
| {{IPA|kha|dʊr|}}
| picture
! {{IPA link|dʱ}}
| dheng
| {{IPA|kha|dʱɛŋ|}}
| park
|-
! {{IPA link|k}}
| krung
| {{IPA|kha|krʊŋ|}}
| rib
! {{IPA link|kʰ}}
| khring
| {{IPA|kha|kʰrɪŋ|}}
| entice
|-
! {{IPA link|dʒ}}
| jlaw
| {{IPA|kha|dʒlaːʊ|}}
| howl
! {{IPA link|dʒʱ}}
| jhieh
| {{IPA|kha|dʒʱeːʔ|}}
| wet
|-
! {{IPA link|s}}
| syiem
| {{IPA|kha|sʔeːm|}}
| monarch
! {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| shñiuh
| {{IPA|kha|ʃɲoːʔ|}}
| hair
|-
! {{IPA link|r}}
| rynsan
| {{IPA|kha|rɨnsaːn|}}
| platform
! {{IPA link|l}}
| lieh
| {{IPA|kha|leːʔ|}}
| white
|-
! {{IPA link|j}}
| ïor
| {{IPA|kha|jɔːr|}}
| snow
! {{IPA link|w}}
| wah
| {{IPA|kha|waːʔ|}}
| river
|}

===Vowels===

{| class= "wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Vowel phonemes
|-
! colspan= 3 rowspan=2 |
! colspan= 2 | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan= 2 | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan= 2 | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! colspan= 1 | [[Short vowel|Short]]
! colspan= 1 | [[Long vowel|Long]]
! codspan= 1 | [[Short vowel|Short]]
! colspan= 1 | [[Long vowel|Long]]
! colspan= 1 | [[Short vowel|Short]]
! colspan= 1 | [[Long vowel|Long]]
|-
! colspan= 3 | [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|ɪ}}
| {{IPA link|iː}}
| {{IPA link|ɨ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʊ}}
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! colspan= 3 width= 22%|[[Close-mid vowel|Mid-Close]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
| {{IPA link|eː}}
| colspan= 2 |
|{{IPA link|o}}
| {{IPA link|oː}}
|-
! colspan= 3 |[[Open-mid vowel|Mid-Open]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| {{IPA link|ɛː}}
| colspan= 2 |
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}
| {{IPA link|ɔː}}
|-
! colspan= 3 |[[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan= 2 |
| {{IPA link|ä|a}}
| {{IPA link|äː|aː}}
| colspan= 2 |
|}

{|class= "wikitable" style= "text-align: center;"|
|+Examples
|-
! colspan =1 |
!
! IPA
! Translation
!
!
! IPA
! Translation
|-
! {{IPA link|ɪ}}
| ding
| {{IPA|kha|dɪŋ|}}
| fire
! {{IPA link|iː}}
| ih
| {{IPA|kha|iːʔ|}}
| cooked
|-
! {{IPA link|ɨ}}
| ynda
| {{IPA|kha|ɨndaː|}}
| until
!{{IPA link|uː}}
|ruh
|{{IPA|kha|ruːʔ|}}
|also
|-
!{{IPA link|e}}
| miet
| {{IPA|kha|met̚|}}
|night
! {{IPA link|eː}}
| iermat
| {{IPA|kha|eːrmat̚|}}
| eyelash
|-
!{{IPA link|o}}
|lum
|{{IPA|kha|lom|}}
|hill
! {{IPA link|oː}}
| ud
| {{IPA|kha|oːt̚|}}
| moan
|-
! {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| reng
| {{IPA|kha|rɛŋ|}}
| horn
! {{IPA link|ɛː}}
| erïong
| {{IPA|kha|ɛːrjɔŋ|}}
| whirlwind
|-
! {{IPA link|ɔ}}
| ong
| {{IPA|kha|ɔŋ|}}
| say
! {{IPA link|ɔː}}
| Shillong
| {{IPA|kha|ʃɨlːɔːŋ|}}
| Shillong
|-
! {{IPA link|a}}
| sat
| {{IPA|kha|sat̚|}}
| spicy
! {{IPA link|aː}}
| sad
| {{IPA|kha|saːt̚|}}
| ceiling
|}