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Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier
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==Design== ===Hull and flight deck=== The hull design is derived from the 1982 {{sclass|Kiev|aircraft carrier|4}},<ref name="navytech">{{cite web |title=Kuznetsov Class (Type 1143.5) Heavy Aircraft Carrying Cruiser, Russia |url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/kuznetsov/ |website=Naval Technology.com |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129092817/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/kuznetsov/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> but is larger in both length and beam. The ''Kiev''-class ships had only an [[angled flight deck]], with surface weaponry on the foredeck. The ''Kuznetsov'' class is the first Soviet carrier to be designed with a full-length flight deck. The ship's 12 anti-ship cruise missiles are located in launchers below the flight deck, just aft of the ski-jump. The aircraft carriers are of a [[STOBAR]] configuration: Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery. Short take-off is achieved by using a 14-degree [[Aircraft ski-jump|ski-jump]] on the bow. There is also an [[Flight deck#Angled flight deck|angled recovery deck]] with arresting wires, allowing aircraft to land without interfering with launching aircraft. The flight deck has a total area of {{convert|14700|m2|sqft}}. Two aircraft elevators, on the starboard side forward and aft of the island, move aircraft between the hangar deck and the flight deck. ===Air wing=== In the original project specifications, the ship should be able to carry up to 33 fixed-wing aircraft and 12 helicopters .<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |title=Ударные корабли |volume=11, part 1 |first=Ю.В. |last=Апалков |publisher=Галея Принт |location=Санкт-Петербург |year=2003 |language=ru}}</ref> The primary aircraft carried are [[Sukhoi Su-33]] fighters, naval variants of the [[Sukhoi Su-27]] Flanker. [[Kamov Ka-27]] naval utility helicopters (and subsequent variants) make up the helicopter wing, providing anti-submarine, maritime patrol and naval assault mobility capabilities. In addition, the [[Kamov Ka-50|Kamov Ka-52K]] "Katran" attack helicopter, a naval variant of the Kamov Ka-50, can also be included in its air wing. ===Armament=== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Kuznetsov Deck Missiles.jpg|thumb|The 12 launch bays of the P-700 Granit anti-ship missiles open aboard the Kuznetsov.]] --> The ''Kuznetsov''-class ships were originally designed as [[aircraft cruiser]]s. ''Kuznetsov'' carried twelve launchers for [[P-700 Granit]] (SS-N-19 ''Shipwreck'') anti-ship surface-to-surface missiles, which also form the main armament of the {{sclass|Kirov|battlecruiser}}s. The Granits were stored in 12 vertical launchers located beneath the ship's front deck, just before the inclined ski-jump. The top deck hatches of these launchers open to fire the missiles; however, when open they prevent the simultaneous launch of aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/5700/russias-carrier-was-designed-to-be-heavily-armed-even-without-its-air-wing |title=Russia's Carrier Was Designed To Be Heavily Armed Even Without Its Air Wing |date=25 October 2016 |last=Rogoway |first=Tyler |website=The Drive |access-date=2019-02-13}}</ref> ''Kuznetsov's'' heavy surface armament differs from that of other countries' aircraft carriers, which carry only defensive armament and rely on their aircraft for strike power. For long-range air defense, ''Kuznetsov'' carries 24 vertical [[Tor missile system]] (SA-N-9 ''Gauntlet'') [[surface-to-air missiles|surface-to-air missile]] launchers, with 192 missiles. For close-range air defense, the ship carries eight [[Kashtan CIWS|Kashtan]] [[close-in weapon system]] (CIWS) mounts. Each mount has two launchers for [[9M311 Tunguska|9M311]] SAMs, twin [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-30|GSh-30]] 30 mm rotary cannons, and a radar/optronic director. The ship also carries six [[AK-630]] 30 mm rotary cannons in single mounts. For defense against underwater attack, the ship carries the [[Udav-1 anti-submarine system|UDAV-1]] ASW rocket launcher. The Russian Navy reportedly removed the Granit missile tubes in the late 2000s to make room for a larger hangar bay, but it was never clear that the tubes were ever actually removed. During a major overhaul set to begin in September 2017, the P-700 tubes were to be replaced with new vertical launch tubes capable of housing newer [[3M-54 Klub|Kalibr]] and [[P-800 Oniks]] cruise missiles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/articles/russias-putin-drafts-new-rearmament-program |title=Russia's Putin drafts new rearmament program |first=Matthew |last=Bodner |website=[[Defense News]] |date=26 May 2017}} |quote=Originally designed by the Soviets as a heavy aircraft-carrying missile cruiser, the Russian Navy reportedly removed the old Granit anti-ship missile tubes in the late 2000s to make room for a larger hangar bay. In this role, the service tried to reinvent Kuznetsov as something of a strike carrier. It was never clear that the tubes were really removed.</ref> Air defense upgrades would include replacement of the Kashtan CIWS with the [[Pantsir-M]] and the 3K95 Kinzhal/Tor system with the [[S-350E Vityaz 50R6|Poliment-Redut]] system.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/may-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6222-russian-aircraft-carrier-to-be-armed-with-poliment-redut-sam.html |title=Russian aircraft carrier to be armed with Poliment-Redut SAM |date=15 May 2018 |website=Defense News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517082234/https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/may-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6222-russian-aircraft-carrier-to-be-armed-with-poliment-redut-sam.html |archive-date=17 May 2018}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=March 2022}} ===Electronics=== [[File:Dmitry Medvedev on the Admiral Kuznetsov-9.jpg|thumb|Kamov [[Ka-27PL]] ASW helicopter on board ''Admiral Kuznetsov'' with [[Dmitry Medvedev]] in 2008]] ''Admiral Kuznetsov'' has [[D band (NATO)|D]]/[[E band (NATO)|E band]] air and surface target acquisition radar ([[passive electronically scanned array]]), [[F band (NATO)|F band]] surface search radar, [[G band (NATO)|G]]/[[H band (NATO)|H band]] flight control radar, [[I band (NATO)|I band]] navigation radar, and four [[K band (NATO)|K band]] fire-control radars for the Kashtan CIWS. The ship has hull-mounted medium- and low-frequency search and attack [[sonar]]. The ASW helicopters have surface search radar, dipping sonar, sonobuoys, and magnetic anomaly detectors. ===Propulsion and performance=== ''Admiral Kuznetsov'' is conventionally powered by [[mazut]] fuelled steam boilers{{clarify|date=December 2019}} which feed four steam turbines, each producing {{convert|50000|hp|MW|lk=in|abbr=on}}, driving four shafts with fixed-pitch propellers. The maximum speed is {{convert|29|kn}}, and her range at maximum speed is {{convert|3800|nmi}}. At {{convert|18|kn}}, her maximum economical range is {{convert|8500|nmi}}.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} ===Reliability=== ''Admiral Kuznetsov'' has been plagued by years of technical problems. The vessel's steam turbines and turbo-pressurised boilers have been reported to be so unreliable that the carrier is accompanied by a large ocean-going tug whenever it deploys, in case it breaks down. There are also flaws in the water piping system, which causes it to freeze during winter. To prevent pipes from bursting, the water is turned off in most of the cabins, and half the latrines do not work.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/21/russian-carrier-plagued-by-technical-problems/ |title=Belching smoke through the Channel, Russian aircraft carrier so unreliable it sails with its own breakdown tug |first=Ben |last=Farmer |date=21 October 2016 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223234127/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/21/russian-carrier-plagued-by-technical-problems/ |archive-date=23 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Type 001 design changes=== The Chinese Type 001 ships are configured as aircraft carriers. The cruise missile launchers were never installed, and the launcher base was removed during the refit to incorporate a larger hangar bay. The air-defense system consists of [[HQ-10#FL-3000N|FL-3000N]] surface-to-air-missiles and the [[Type 730 CIWS#Type 1130|Type 1130 CIWS]].<ref name="sinodefence">{{cite web |title=Type 001 aircraft carrier Liaoning |url=https://sinodefence.com/2017/01/14/type-001-aircraft-carrier-liaoning/ |website=SinoDefence |date=14 January 2017 |access-date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224130028/https://sinodefence.com/2017/01/14/type-001-aircraft-carrier-liaoning/ |archive-date=24 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chinese Navy Liaoning Aircraft Carrier's H/PJ-14 (Type 1130) new generation CIWS |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/march-2013-navy-world-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-news/951-chinese-navy-liaoning-aircraft-carriers-hpj-14-type-1130-new-generation-ciws-.html |website=Navy Recognition |date=21 March 2013 |access-date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214102704/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/march-2013-navy-world-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-news/951-chinese-navy-liaoning-aircraft-carriers-hpj-14-type-1130-new-generation-ciws-.html |archive-date=14 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Type 002 design changes=== Several design changes were made to the Type 002 aircraft carrier. Length, width, and displacement have been slightly increased.<ref name="scmp.com">{{Cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2087064/10-things-you-should-know-about-chinas-first-home-built |title=10 things you should know about China's first home-built aircraft carrier |first=Minnie |last=Chan |date=12 April 2017 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=26 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227161441/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2087064/10-things-you-should-know-about-chinas-first-home-built |archive-date=27 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wsj.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-launches-first-home-built-aircraft-carrier-boosting-naval-power-1493182896 |title=China Launches First Home-Built Aircraft Carrier, Boosting Naval Power |first1=Jeremy |last1=Page |first2=Ben |last2=Kesling |date=27 April 2017 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com"/> The island of the ship has been reduced in size to increase the size of the flight deck, and it carries a [[Active electronically scanned array|3-D phased array radar]].<ref name="janes2016">{{cite news |last1=Tate |first1=Andrew |title=Further progress made on China's Type 001A carrier |url=http://www.janes.com/article/64097/further-progress-made-on-china-s-type-001a-carrier |work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly |date=26 September 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101102534/http://www.janes.com/article/64097/further-progress-made-on-china-s-type-001a-carrier |archive-date=1 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ship is claimed to carry 36 aircraft instead of the 24 J-15 fighters carried by ''Liaoning''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3042580/chinas-new-aircraft-carrier-shandong-could-confront-other |title=China's new aircraft carrier the Shandong could confront other nations in disputed South China Sea, state media says |first=Teddy |last=Ng |date=18 December 2019 |work=South China Morning Post}}</ref>
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