Editing Labialization (section)

==Transcription==
In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], labialization of velar consonants is indicated with a raised w modifier {{IPA|[ʷ]}} ([[Unicode]] U+02B7), as in {{IPA|/kʷ/}}. (Elsewhere this diacritic generally indicates simultaneous labialization and velarization.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}) There are also diacritics, respectively {{IPA|[ɔ̹], [ɔ̜]}}, to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding.<ref>As a mnemonic, the more-rounded diacritics resemble the rounded vowel {{angbr IPA|ɔ}}.</ref> These are normally used with vowels but may occur with consonants. For example, in the [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan language]] [[Hupa language|Hupa]], [[voiceless velar fricative]]s distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either {{IPA|/x/, /x̹/, /xʷ/}} or {{IPA|/x/, /x̜ʷ/, /xʷ/}}.

The [[extensions to the IPA]] has two additional symbols for degrees of rounding: Spread {{IPA|[ɹ͍]}} and open-rounded {{IPA|[ʒꟹ]}} (as in English). It also has a symbol for [[labiodental approximant|labiodentalized]] sounds, {{IPA|[tᶹ]}}.<ref>{{cite book|author=International Phonetic Association|year=1999|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=190|isbn=978-0-52163751-0}}</ref>

If precision is desired, the Abkhaz and Ubykh articulations may be transcribed with the appropriate fricative or trill raised as a diacritic: {{IPA|[tᵛ]}}, {{IPA|[tᵝ]}}, {{IPA|[t<sup>ʙ</sup>]}}, {{IPA|[tᵖ]}}.

For simple labialization, {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}} resurrected an old IPA symbol, {{IPA|[&nbsp;̫]}},<ref>This is not a subscript ''w'' but originally a subscript omega that "recalls the letter ''w''" (Jespersen & Pedersen, 1926, ''Phonetic Transcription and Transliteration: Proposals of the Copenhagen Conference, April 1925.'' Oxford University Press).</ref> which would be placed above a letter with a descender such as {{IPA|ɡ}}. However, their chief example is Shona ''sv'' and ''zv,'' which they transcribe {{IPA|/s̫/}} and {{IPA|/z̫/}} but which actually seem to be [[whistled sibilant]]s, without necessarily being labialized.<ref>See [http://www.cefala.org/issp2006/cdrom/articles/shosted.pdf]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516193747/http://www.cefala.org/issp2006/cdrom/articles/shosted.pdf|date=May 16, 2008}}</ref> Another possibility is to use the IPA diacritic for rounding, distinguishing for example the labialization in English ''soon'' {{IPA|[s̹]}} and {{IPA|[sʷ]}} ''swoon''.<ref>John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) ''The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences'', 2nd ed.</ref> The open rounding of English {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is also unvelarized.