Editing Landscape architecture (section)

==Relation to urban planning==
[[File:Central park photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|right|The combination of the traditional landscape gardening and the emerging city planning combined gave landscape architecture its unique focus. [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] used the term 'landscape architecture' using the word as a profession for the first time when designing the [[Central Park]]. ]]
Through the 19th century, [[urban planning]] became a focal point and central issue in cities. The combination of the tradition of [[History of gardening|landscape gardening]] and the emerging field of urban planning offered landscape architecture an opportunity to serve these needs.<ref>Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., & de Jong, H. (2013). Co-evolutions of planning and design: Risks and benefits of design perspectives in planning systems. Planning Theory, 12(2), 177–198.</ref> In the second half of the century, [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] completed a series of parks that continue to have a significant influence on the practices of landscape architecture today. Among these were [[Central Park]] in [[New York City]], [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]] in [[Brooklyn, New York]] and Boston's [[Emerald Necklace]] park system. [[Jens Jensen (landscape architect)|Jens Jensen]] designed sophisticated and naturalistic urban and regional parks for [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], and private estates for the Ford family including [[Fair Lane]] and [[Edsel and Eleanor Ford House|Gaukler Point]]. One of the original eleven founding members of the [[American Society of Landscape Architects]] (ASLA), and the only woman, was [[Beatrix Farrand]]. She was design consultant for over a dozen universities including: [[Princeton University|Princeton]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]]; [[Yale]] in [[New Haven, Connecticut]]; and the [[Arnold Arboretum]] for [[Harvard]] in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]. Her numerous private [[estate (land)|estate]] projects include the landmark [[Dumbarton Oaks]] in the [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown]] neighborhood of [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite book
| publisher = U.S. Dept. of the Interior
| last = National Park Service
| title = Cultural Landscape Report: Dumbarton Oaks Park, Rock Creek Park
| location = Washington, D.C.
| year = 2000
}}</ref> Since that time, other architects – most notably Ruth Havey and Alden Hopkins – changed certain elements of the Farrand design.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Since this period urban planning has developed into a separate independent profession that has incorporated important contributions from other fields such as [[civil engineering]], [[architecture]] and [[public administration]]. Urban Planners are qualified to perform tasks independent of landscape architects, and in general, the curriculum of landscape architecture programs do not prepare students to become urban planners.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bulletin of Information for the AICP Comprehensive Planning Examination|url=https://planning-org-uploaded-media.s3.amazonaws.com/legacy_resources/certification/pdf/bulletin.pdf#page=13|website = www.planning.org|quote=There are important distinctions between planners and allied professionals and between planning and related fields. Planners approach problems comprehensively, have a long-range perspective, and deal with unique place-based issues. Although people in related professions (e.g., law, architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, real estate development, etc.) and disciplines (humanities, psychology, etc.) often work with planners, they do not necessarily have the same knowledge base, skillset, and approach.
|access-date = 2016-08-29}}</ref>

Landscape architecture continues to develop as a design discipline and to respond to the various movements in architecture and design throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. [[Thomas Dolliver Church|Thomas Church]] was a pioneering mid-century landscape architect known for shaping modern American garden design.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119923527/obituary-for-thomas-church/ |title=Thomas Church, 76, pioneer in landscape architecture|work=The San Francisco Examiner|place=San Francisco, California|date=August 31, 1978|page=42|access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> [[Roberto Burle Marx]] in [[Brazil]] combined the [[International style (architecture)|International style]] and native Brazilian plants and culture for a new aesthetic. Innovation continues today solving challenging problems with contemporary design solutions for [[master planning]], landscapes, and [[Garden|gardens]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

[[Ian McHarg]] was known for introducing environmental concerns in landscape architecture.<ref name=Corbett>{{cite web|last1=Corbett|first1=John|title=Ian McHarg: Overlay Maps and the Evaluation of Social and Environmental Costs of Land Use Change|url=http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/23|publisher=Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science|access-date=4 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103071257/http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/23|archive-date=3 January 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name=Ozio>{{cite web|last1=Ozio|first1=Ron|title=Obituary: Ian McHarg Dies|url=http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/university-pennsylvania-prof-ian-mcharg-dies|website=Penn News|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|access-date=4 June 2014|date=6 March 2001|archive-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916071047/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/university-pennsylvania-prof-ian-mcharg-dies|url-status=dead}}</ref> He popularized a system of analyzing the layers of a site in order to compile a complete understanding of the qualitative attributes of a place. This system became the foundation of today's [[Geographic information system|Geographic Information Systems (GIS)]]. McHarg would give every qualitative aspect of the site a layer, such as the history, hydrology, topography, vegetation, etc. GIS software is ubiquitously used in the landscape architecture profession today to analyze materials in and on the Earth's surface and is similarly used by [[Urban planner|urban planners]], [[Geographer|geographers]], [[forestry]] and natural resources professionals, etc.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

European nations enabled the widespread circulation of urban planning strategies by transferring landscaping ideas and practices to overseas colonies. The [[green belt]] was a popular landscape practice exported by Britain onto colonial territories such as [[Haifa]] (1918-1948).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Kolodney |first1=Ziva |last2=Kallus |first2=Rachel |date=2008 |title=The Politics of Landscape (Re)Production: Haifa Between Colonialism and Nation Building |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43332447 |journal=Landscape Journal |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=173–189 |doi=10.3368/lj.27.2.173 |jstor=43332447 |s2cid=110446436 |issn=0277-2426|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Spatial mechanisms like the green belt, implemented through the Haifa Bay Plan and the British "Grand Model," were used to enforce political control and civic order and extend western ideas of progress and development.<ref name=":2" /> The Greater London Regional Planning Committee accepted the [[green belt]] concept which formed the basis of the 1938 [[Metropolitan Green Belt|Green Belt Act]]. The planning [[prototype]] demarcated open spaces, distinguished between city and countryside, limited [[Urban sprawl|urban growth]], and created [[Zoning|zoning divisions]].<ref name=":2" /> It was used extensively in the British colonies to facilitate British rule through the organized division of landscape and populations. <ref name=":2" />