Editing Language interpretation (section)

== Modes ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2016}}

===Consecutive===
[[File:Gary Sánchez on the Yankees win against Oakland (HokxgWnhAM8).webm|thumb|right|An interpreter (right) utilizing consecutive interpretation to translate a conversation between an English-speaking interviewer (left) and Spanish-speaking [[Gary Sánchez]] (center).]]
In consecutive interpreting (CI), the interpreter starts to interpret after the speaker pauses; thus much more time (perhaps double) is needed. Customarily, such an interpreter will sit or stand near the speaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conference-interpreters.ca/Differences-Consecutive-Simultaneous-Interpreters.html|title=Consecutive and Simultaneous Interpretering|website=www.conference-interpreters.ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022142526/https://www.conference-interpreters.ca/Differences-Consecutive-Simultaneous-Interpreters.html|archive-date=2016-10-22|access-date=2017-09-29}}</ref>

Consecutive interpretation can be conducted in a pattern of short or long segments according to the interpreter's preference. In short CI, the interpreter relies mostly on memory whereas, in long CI, most interpreters will rely on [[interpreting notes|note-taking]]. The notes must be clear and legible in order to not waste time on reading them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazzei |first=Cristiano |title=Note-Taking for Consecutive Interpreting |url=https://www.imiaweb.org/uploads/pages/228_4.pdf |website=Century College}}</ref> Consecutive interpreting of whole thoughts, rather than in small pieces, is desirable so that the interpreter has the whole meaning before rendering it in the target language. This affords a truer, more accurate, and more accessible interpretation than where short CI or simultaneous interpretation is used.

An attempt at consensus about lengths of segments may be reached prior to commencement, depending upon complexity of the subject matter and purpose of the interpretation, though speakers generally face difficulty adjusting to unnatural speech patterns.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

On occasion, document [[translation|sight translation]] is required of the interpreter during consecutive interpretation work. Sight translation combines interpretation and translation; the interpreter must render the source-language document to the target-language as if it were written in the target language. Sight translation occurs usually, but not exclusively, in judicial and medical work.

Consecutive interpretation may be the chosen mode when bilingual listeners are present who wish to hear both the original and interpreted speech or where, as in a court setting, a record must be kept of both.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

When no interpreter is available to interpret directly from source to target, an intermediate interpreter will be inserted in a relay mode, e.g. a Greek source language could be interpreted into English and then from English to another language. This is also commonly known as double-interpretation. Triple-interpretation may even be needed, particularly where rare languages or dialects are involved. Such interpretation can only be effectively conducted using consecutive interpretation.

=== Simultaneous ===
{{main|Simultaneous interpretation}}
[[File:Alan_ILO_1927_195A.jpg|thumb|left|Alan Gordon-Finlay trialling the [[Hush-A-Phone]] at the [[League of Nations]], {{circa|1927}} – ILO Historical Archives]]
[[File:Defendants in the dock at nuremberg trials.jpg|thumb|[[Nuremberg trial|Nuremberg defendants]] at dock listening to simultaneous interpretation]]
Simultaneous interpretation (SI) has the disadvantage that if a person is performing the service the interpreter must do the best they can within the time permitted by the pace of source speech. However they also have the advantages of saving time and not disturbing the natural flow of the speaker. SI can also be accomplished by software where the program can simultaneously listen to incoming speech and speak the associated interpretation. The most common form is extempore SI, where the interpreter does not know the message until they hear it.

Simultaneous interpretation using electronic equipment where the interpreter can hear the speaker's voice as well as the interpreter's own voice was introduced at the [[Nuremberg trials]] in 1945.{{Sfb|Gaiba|1998|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}} The equipment facilitated large numbers of listeners, and interpretation was offered in French, Russian, German and English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://translationexcellence.com/history-simultaneous-interpretation/|title=The History of Simultaneous Interpretation|date=29 April 2014}}</ref> The technology arose in the 1920s and 1930s when American businessman [[Edward Filene]] and British engineer [[Alan Gordon Finlay]] developed simultaneous interpretation equipment with [[IBM]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infinitytranslations.com/simultaneous_interpretation_blog.html|title=The Origins of Simultaneous Interpretation Equipment|website=Infinity Translation Services|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227064330/http://www.infinitytranslations.com/simultaneous_interpretation_blog.html|archive-date=2017-02-27|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-09-29}}</ref> Yvonne Kapp attended a conference with simultaneous interpretation in 1935 in the Soviet Union.<ref>'I would switch about, listening to the speeches in French, in German, in Italian and marvel at this, to me, novel device.' Kapp, ''Time Will Tell'', Verso, 2003, p. 170.</ref> As it proved successful, IBM was able to sell the equipment to the [[United Nations]], where it is now widely used in the [[United Nations Interpretation Service]].

In the ideal setting for oral language, the interpreter sits in a sound-proof booth and speaks into a microphone, while clearly seeing and hearing the source-language speaker via earphones. The simultaneous interpretation is rendered to the target-language listeners via their earphones.

===The progressive shift from consecutive to simultaneous===
[[File:Simultandolmetscheranlage.jpg|thumb|Simultaneous interpreter's station (Televic Conference) at the [[European Court of Justice]]]]

[[Pavel Palazchenko]]'s ''My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter'' gives a short history of modern interpretation and of the transition from its consecutive to simultaneous forms. He explains that during the nineteenth century, interpreters were rarely needed during European diplomatic discussions; these were routinely conducted in French, and all government diplomats were required to be fluent in this language. Most European government leaders and heads of state could also speak French.<ref name=pala>[[Pavel Palazchenko]], ''My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter'' (Pennsylvania University Press, 1997), pp.&nbsp;32–33.</ref> Historian [[Harold Nicolson]] attributes the growing need for interpretation after World War I to the fact that U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] and British Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]] "were no linguists".<ref>Nicolson, Harold (2009) [1933]. ''Peacemaking, 1919''. London: Faber and Faber. {{ISBN|978-0-571-25604-4}}.</ref> At the time, the concept and special equipment needed for simultaneous interpretation, later patented by [[Alan Gordon Finlay]], had not been developed, so consecutive interpretation was used.<ref name=pala />

Consecutive interpreters, in order to be accurate, used a specialized system of note-taking which included symbols, abbreviations and acronyms. Because they waited until the speaker was finished to provide interpretation, the interpreters then had the difficult task of creating from these notes as much as half an hour of free-flowing sentences closely matching the speaker's meaning. Palazchenko cites {{ill|Anton Velleman|de}}, [[Jean Herbert]] and the Kaminker brothers as skilled interpreters, and notes one unusual case in which André Kaminker interpreted a speech by a French diplomat who spoke for two and a half hours without stopping.<ref name=pala />

After World War II, simultaneous interpretation came into use at the [[Nuremberg trials]] and began to be more accepted. Experienced consecutive interpreters asserted that the difficulties of listening and speaking at the same time, adjusting for differences in sentence structure between languages, and interpreting the beginning of a sentence before hearing its end, would produce an inferior result. As well, these interpreters, who to that point had been prominent speakers, would now be speaking invisibly from booths.<ref name=pala />

In 1951, when the United Nations expanded its number of working languages to five (English, French, Russian, Chinese and Spanish), consecutive interpretation became impractical in most cases, and simultaneous interpretation became the most common process for the organization's large meetings.<ref name="Jalón2004">Jesús Baigorri Jalón. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iB5TPUXyXioC Interpreters at the United Nations. A history]''. Universidad de Salamanca; 2004. {{ISBN|978-84-7800-643-4}}. p. 29–30.</ref> Consecutive interpretation, which provides a more fluent result without the need for specialized equipment, continued to be used for smaller discussions.<ref name=pala />

===Technology support===
Stemming from the field of [[computer-assisted translation]], the field of [[computer-assisted interpretation]] has emerged, with dedicated tools integrating [[glossary|glossaries]] and [[automated speech recognition]].<ref name = "Fantinuoli2017">
{{Cite journal
| vauthors = Fantinuoli, C
| year = 2017
| title =  Computer-assisted preparation in conference interpreting
| journal = Translation & Interpreting
| number = 9
| volume = 2
| pages = 24–37
| doi = 10.12807/ti.109202.2017.a02
| doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref name = "Prandi2023">
{{Cite book
| vauthors=Prandi B
| title = Computer-assisted simultaneous interpreting A cognitive-experimental study on terminology
| place = Berlin
| publisher = Language Science Press
| date = 2023
| format = pdf
| url = http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/348
| doi = 10.5281/zenodo.7143055
| doi-access = free
| isbn = 9783961103973
}}
</ref>

===Whispered===
[[File:Johannes Nyholm presenting Koko-di Koko-da at BAFICI 2019.jpg|thumb|Interpreter (left) next to Swedish filmmaker [[Johannes Nyholm]] at [[Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema]] 2019]]
Whispered interpretation is known in the trade by the French term ''chuchotage''. To avoid disturbing the participants using the original language, the interpreter speaks to a few people at close proximity with normal voiced delivery at a very low volume, or through electronic equipment without the benefit of a soundproof booth. Typically, no actual whispering is involved as this is difficult to decipher, causes postural fatigue while parties lean in to one another, and straining to be heard at a whisper "can be as bad for your voice as shouting."<ref>{{cite web| title = Voice care: Sorting fact from fiction| url = https://utswmed.org/medblog/vocal-cords-care-qa/#:~:text=Q%3A%20Does%20whispering%20save%20your,for%20your%20voice%20as%20shouting| website = UT Southwestern Medical Center MedBlog| date = 13 April 2020| access-date = 15 April 2023}}</ref>