Editing Language transfer (section)

==Conscious and unconscious transfer==

Language transfer may be [[conscious]] or [[Unconscious mind|unconscious]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuster |first=Carles |url=http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1625458 |title=Lexical Transfer in Pedagogical Translanguaging: Exploring Intentionality in Multilingual Learners of Spanish |date=March 2022 |publisher=Stockholm University |year=2022 |isbn=978-91-7911-757-3}}</ref> Consciously, learners or unskilled translators may sometimes guess when producing speech or text in a second language because they have not learned or have forgotten its proper usage. Unconsciously, they may not realize that the structures and internal rules of the languages in question are different. Such users could also be aware of both the structures and internal rules, yet be insufficiently skilled to put them into practice, and consequently often fall back on their first language. The unconscious aspect to language transfer can be demonstrated in the case of the so-called "transfer-to-nowhere" principle put forward by Eric Kellerman, which addressed language based on its conceptual organization instead of its [[Syntax|syntactic]] features. Here, language determines how the speaker conceptualizes [[experience]], with the principle describing the process as an unconscious assumption that is subject to between-language variation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Applying Cognitive Linguistics to Second Language Learning and Teaching|url=https://archive.org/details/applyingcognitiv00litt|url-access=registration|last=Littlemore|first=Jeannette|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2009|isbn=9781349304936|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/applyingcognitiv00litt/page/n49 37]}}</ref> Kellerman explained that it is difficult for learners to acquire the construal patterns of a new language because "learners may not look for the perspectives peculiar to the [target/L2] language; instead they may seek the linguistic tools which will permit them to maintain their L1 perspective."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookcognitiv00robi|url-access=registration|last1=Robinson|first1=Peter|last2=Ellis|first2=Nick|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=9780805853513|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookcognitiv00robi/page/n294 284]}}</ref>

The conscious transfer of language, on the other hand, can be illustrated in the principle developed by Roger Andersen called "transfer-to-somewhere," which holds that "a language structure will be susceptible to transfer only if it is compatible with natural acquisitional principles or is perceived to have similar counterpart (a somewhere to transfer to) in the recipient language."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Language Contacts at the Crossroads of Disciplines|last1=Paulasto|first1=Heli|last2=Riionheimo|first2=Helka|last3=Meriläinen|first3=Lea|last4=Kok|first4=Maria|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9781443866248|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|pages=142}}</ref> This is interpreted as a heuristic designed to make sense of the target language input by assuming a form of awareness on the part of the learner to map L1 onto the L2.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Fossilization in Adult Second Language Acquisition|url=https://archive.org/details/fossilizationadu00hanz_262|url-access=registration|last=Han|first=Zhaohong|publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd.|year=2004|isbn=978-1853596872|location=Clevedon|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fossilizationadu00hanz_262/page/n80 71]}}</ref> An analogy that can describe the differences between the Kellerman's and Anderson's principles is that the former is concerned with the conceptualization that fuels the drive towards discovering the means of linguistic expression whereas Andersen's focused on the acquisition of those means.<ref name=":0" />