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Last mile (telecommunications)
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==Economical information transfer== Before considering the characteristics of existing last-mile information delivery mechanisms, it is important to further examine what makes information conduits effective. As the [[Shannon–Hartley theorem]] shows, it is the combination of bandwidth and [[signal-to-noise ratio]] which determines the maximum information rate of a channel. The product of the average information rate and time yields total information transfer. In the presence of [[Signal noise|noise]], this corresponds to some amount of transferred information-carrying energy (ICE). Therefore, the economics of information transfer may be viewed in terms of the economics of the transfer of ICE. Effective last-mile conduits must: #Deliver signal power, S — (must have adequate signal power capacity). #Experience low loss (low occurrence of conversion to unusable energy forms). #Support wide transmission [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]]. #Deliver high [[signal-to-noise ratio]] (SNR) — low unwanted-signal ([[Noise]]) power, N. #Provide [[roaming|nomadic]] connectivity. In addition to these factors, a good solution to the last-mile problem must provide each user: #High [[availability]] and [[Reliability engineering|reliability]]. #Low [[Latency (engineering)|latency]]; latency must be small compared with required interaction times. #High per-user capacity. ##A conduit which is shared among multiple end-users must provide a correspondingly higher capacity in order to properly support each individual user. This must be true for information transfer in each direction. ##Affordability; suitable capacity must be financially viable.
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