Editing Lawrence Lessig (section)

== Internet and computer activism ==
[[File:Lawrence lessig, joi ito.jpg|thumbnail|Lessig with fellow Creative Commons board member [[Joi Ito]]]]

=== "Code is law" ===
In [[computer science]], "code" typically refers to the text of a computer program (the [[source code]]). In law, "code" may refer to the texts that constitute [[statutory law]]. In his 1999 book entitled ''[[Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace]]'', Lessig explores the ways in which code can be instruments for [[social control]] in both senses, leading to his dictum that "Code is law". Lessig later updated his work in order to keep up with the prevailing views of the time and released the book as ''[[Code: Version 2.0]]'' in December 2006.

=== Remix culture ===
Lessig has been a proponent of the [[remix culture]] since the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2004_fall/lessig.htm |date=2004-11-18 |access-date=2016-02-27 |title=Remix Is a Cultural Right, Lessig Says |publisher=law.virginia.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306042950/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2004_fall/lessig.htm |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In his 2008 book entitled, [[Remix (book)|''Remix'']],<ref>[http://remix.lessig.org/remix.php Remix] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815203312/http://remix.lessig.org/remix.php |date=August 15, 2019 }} on lessig.org</ref><ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/47089238/Remix Remix] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402060619/https://www.scribd.com/doc/47089238/Remix |date=April 2, 2016 }} on [[scribd.com]]</ref> he presents this as a desirable cultural practice distinct from piracy. Lessig further articulates remix culture as intrinsic to technology and the Internet. Remix culture is therefore an amalgam of practice, creativity, "read/write" culture, and the hybrid economy.

According to Lessig, the problem with the remix comes when it is at odds with stringent U.S. copyright law. He has compared this to the failure of [[Prohibition in the United States|prohibition]], both in its ineffectiveness and in its tendency to normalize criminal behavior. Instead he proposes more lenient licensing, namely [[Creative Commons license]]s, as a remedy to maintain "rule of law" while combating plagiarism.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The social media reader|last=Lessig|first=Lawrence|publisher=New York University Press|others=Mandiberg, Michael|year=2012|isbn=9780814764077|location=New York|pages=155–169|chapter=REMIX: How Creativity is Being Strangled by the Law|oclc=778455386}}</ref>

=== Free culture ===
{{See also|Free Culture (book)|Free-culture movement}}

[[File:Aaron Swartz and Lawrence Lessig.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Aaron Swartz]] and 
Lessig in 2002 at the launch party for [[Creative Commons]]]]

On March 28, 2004 Lessig was elected to the FSF board of directors.<ref name="Fsf.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.fsf.org/about/leadership.html |title=Leadership – Free Software Foundation |publisher=Fsf.org |access-date=2011-01-23 |archive-date=April 11, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411075029/http://www.fsf.org/about/leadership.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He proposed the concept of "[[Free-culture movement|free culture]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://randomfoo.net/oscon/2002/lessig/ |title=free_culture |publisher=Randomfoo.net |access-date=2011-01-23 |archive-date=December 6, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021206035846/http://randomfoo.net/oscon/2002/lessig/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also supports [[free and open-source software]] and [[open spectrum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/spectrum/ |title=Spectrum Policy: Property or Commons? |publisher=Cyberlaw.stanford.edu |date=2003-03-02 |access-date=2011-01-23 |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927170333/http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/spectrum/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At his free culture keynote speech at the [[O'Reilly Open Source Convention]] 2002, a few minutes of his speech was about [[software patent]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://randomfoo.net/oscon/2002/lessig/|title=free_culture|work=randomfoo.net|access-date=January 2, 2003|archive-date=December 6, 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021206035846/http://randomfoo.net/oscon/2002/lessig/|url-status=live}} Lessig discusses software patents from time 17:38 to 20:38 of the audio recording</ref> which he views as a rising threat to [[free software]], [[open source software]], and innovation.

In March 2006, Lessig joined the board of advisors of the [[Digital Universe]] project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/03-14-2006/0004319554&EDATE= |title=Digital Universe Adds Leading Internet Expert Lawrence Lessig to Board of Advisors |location=California |publisher=Prnewswire.com |date=2006-03-13 |access-date=2011-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134245/http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F03-14-2006%2F0004319554&EDATE= |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A few months later, Lessig gave a talk on the ethics of the Free Culture Movement at the 2006 [[Wikimania]] conference. In December 2006, his lecture ''On Free, and the Differences between Culture and Code'' was one of the highlights at [[Chaos Communication Congress|23C3 ''Who can you trust?'']].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/hmdmhdfmhdjmzdtjmzdtzktdkztdjz/commons |title=commons |year=2011 |id=google video docid=7661663613180520595 |access-date=2014-02-07 |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308193838/https://sites.google.com/site/hmdmhdfmhdjmzdtjmzdtzktdkztdjz/commons |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Comedy Central, Lessig claimed in 2009 that because 70 percent of young people obtain digital information from illegal sources, laws should be changed.<ref>{{cite video |people=Lawrence Lessig |title=Colbert Nation |url=http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/215454/january-08-2009/lawrence-lessig |publisher=Comedy Central |date=January 8, 2009 |time=2:16 |access-date=2009-05-19}}</ref>

In a foreword to the [[Freesouls]] book project, Lessig makes an argument in favor of amateur artists in the world of digital technologies: "there is a different class of amateur creators that digital technologies have&nbsp;... enabled, and a different kind of creativity has emerged as a consequence".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freesouls.cc/essays/00-foreword-lawrence-lessig.html|title=Freesouls - Foreword by Lawrence Lessig|work=freesouls.cc|access-date=September 20, 2012|archive-date=August 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826033650/http://freesouls.cc/essays/00-foreword-lawrence-lessig.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Lessig is also a well-known critic of [[copyright term]] extensions.

=== Net neutrality ===
[[File:Lessig-Wales-20070615.jpg|thumb|Lessig and [[Jimmy Wales]] at the iCommons iSummit07 in [[Dubrovnik]]]]
Lessig has long been known to be a supporter of [[net neutrality]]. In 2006, he testified before the U.S. Senate that he believed Congress should ratify [[Michael Powell (attorney)|Michael Powell]]'s four Internet freedoms and add a restriction to access-tiering, i.e., he does not believe content providers should be charged different amounts. The reason is that the Internet, under the neutral end-to-end design is an invaluable platform for innovation, and the economic benefit of innovation would be threatened if large corporations could purchase faster service to the detriment of newer companies with less capital. However, Lessig has supported the idea of allowing ISPs to give consumers the option of different tiers of service at different prices. He was reported on CBC News as saying that he has always been in favour of allowing internet providers to charge differently for consumer access at different speeds. He said, "Now, no doubt, my position might be wrong. Some friends in the network neutrality movement as well as some scholars believe it is wrong—that it doesn't go far enough. But the suggestion that the position is 'recent' is baseless. If I'm wrong, I've always been wrong."<ref>CBC NEWS. Google accused of turning its back on net neutrality. December 15, 2008.</ref>

=== Legislative reform ===
Despite presenting an anti-regulatory standpoint in many fora, Lessig still sees the need for legislative enforcement of copyright. He has called for limiting copyright terms for creative professionals to five years, but believes that since many of them are independent, the work of creative professionals would become more easily and quickly available if a bureaucratic procedure were introduced to renew trademarks for up to 75 years after this five-year term.<ref>Drew Clark. Software Freedom Fighters. ''The National Journal'' 33(30), July 28, 2001.</ref>

Lessig has repeatedly taken a stance that privatization through legislation such as that seen in the 1980s in the UK with British Telecommunications is not the best way to help the Internet grow. He said, "When government disappears, it's not as if paradise will take its place. When governments are gone, other interests will take their place", "My claim is that we should focus on the values of liberty. If there is not government to insist on those values, then who?" "The single unifying force should be that we govern ourselves."<ref>Elinor Mills. Domain games: Internet leaves the U.S. nest. ''InfoWorld Daily News''. October 13, 1998.</ref>

=== Legal challenges ===
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right
 | headerimage=[[File:Lawrence Lessig (10).jpg|210px]]
 | video1 =[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBIj9k6Fc80 Q&A: Lawrence Lessig] (58:48), [[C-SPAN]]<ref name="CSPAN A">{{cite web |title=Q&A: Lawrence Lessig |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |date=November 21, 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBIj9k6Fc80 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |archive-date=April 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420224046/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBIj9k6Fc80 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | video2 =[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Q25-S7jzgs Larry Lessig: Laws that choke creativity] (19:08), [[TED (conference)|TED talks]]<ref name="TED B">{{cite web |title=Larry Lessig: Laws that choke creativity |publisher=[[TED (conference)|TED talks]] |date=November 15, 2007 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Q25-S7jzgs |access-date=March 26, 2013 |archive-date=March 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320010325/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Q25-S7jzgs |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | video3 =[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhTUzNKpfio TEDxNYED – Lawrence Lessig] (19:07), [[TED (conference)|TEDx talks]]<ref name="TEDx C">{{cite web |title=TEDxNYED – Lawrence Lessig |publisher=[[TED (conference)|TEDx talks]] |date=March 6, 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhTUzNKpfio |access-date=March 26, 2013 |archive-date=July 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727022037/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhTUzNKpfio |url-status=live }}</ref>
 }}{{See also|Eldred v. Ashcroft}}

From 1999 to 2002, Lessig represented a high-profile challenge to the [[Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act]]. Working with the [[Berkman Center for Internet and Society]], Lessig led the team representing the plaintiff in ''[[Eldred v. Ashcroft]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2002/10/lessig-3/|title=Lawrence Lessig's Supreme Showdown|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2018-10-11|language=en-US|archive-date=October 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025135138/http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/10.10/lessig_pr.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The plaintiff in the case was joined by a group of publishers who frequently published work in the [[Public domain in the United States|public domain]] and a large number of ''[[Amicus curiae|amici]]'' including the [[Free Software Foundation]], the [[American Association of Law Libraries]], the [[Bureau of National Affairs]], and the [[College Art Association]].

In March 2003, Lessig acknowledged severe disappointment with his Supreme Court defeat in the Eldred copyright-extension case, where he unsuccessfully tried to convince Chief Justice William Rehnquist, who had sympathies for de-regulation, to back his "market-based" approach to intellectual property regulation.<ref>Lessig Backs Away From Copy Fights In Courts, Congress. Washington Internet Daily 4 (42). March 4, 2003.</ref>

In August 2013, Lawrence Lessig brought suit against Liberation Music PTY Ltd., after Liberation issued a takedown notice of one of Lessig's lectures on YouTube that had used the song "[[Lisztomania (song)|Lisztomania]]" by the band [[Phoenix (French band)|Phoenix]], whom Liberation Music represents.<ref name="complaint">{{cite web |url=https://www.eff.org/document/lessig-v-liberation-music-complaint |title=Lessig v. Liberation Music – Complaint |publisher=United States District Court |work=Electronic Frontier Foundation website |date=August 22, 2013 |access-date=February 28, 2014 |archive-date=April 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408081602/https://www.eff.org/document/lessig-v-liberation-music-complaint |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Record Label Picks Copyright Fight—With The Wrong Guy |author=Laura Sydell |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2013/09/27/226834651/record-label-picks-a-fight-over-copyright-with-the-wrong-guy |newspaper=npr.org |date=September 27, 2013 |access-date=September 28, 2013 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927225057/http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2013/09/27/226834651/record-label-picks-a-fight-over-copyright-with-the-wrong-guy |url-status=live }}</ref> Lessig sought damages under section 512(f) of the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]], which holds parties liable for misrepresentations of infringement or removal of material.<ref name="dmca 512">{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/512 |title=17 U.S. Code §&nbsp;512 – Limitations on liability relating to material online |publisher=Cornell University Law School |work=Legal Information Institute |access-date=February 28, 2014 |archive-date=February 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225221912/http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/512 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lessig was represented by the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] and [[Jones Day]].<ref name="billboard">{{cite web |url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5922856/liberation-resolves-copyright-issue-with-lawrence |title=Liberation Resolves Copyright Issue with Lawrence Lessig, Admit 'Mistakes' Were Made |publisher=Billboard.com |work=Billboardbiz |date=February 28, 2014 |access-date=February 28, 2014 |author=Brandle, Lars |archive-date=March 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304032627/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/5922856/liberation-resolves-copyright-issue-with-lawrence |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2014, the case ended with a settlement in which Liberation Music admitted wrongdoing in issuing the takedown notice, issued an apology, and paid a confidential sum in compensation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twórca Creative Commons wygrał sprawę o bezprawne skasowanie filmu z YouTube'a |url=http://techlaw.pl/lawrence-lessig-youtube-liberation-music/ |publisher=Techlaw.pl |access-date=February 28, 2014 |date=February 28, 2014 |archive-date=January 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103024342/http://techlaw.pl/lawrence-lessig-youtube-liberation-music/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sydell2">{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2014/02/27/283554774/a-win-for-fair-use-after-a-record-label-picked-wrong-guy-to-sue |title=A Win For Fair use After Record Label, Copyright Lawyer Settle |publisher=NPR |work=All Tech Considered |date=February 27, 2014 |access-date=February 28, 2014 |author=Sydell, Laura |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228132743/http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2014/02/27/283554774/a-win-for-fair-use-after-a-record-label-picked-wrong-guy-to-sue |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== ''Killswitch'' ===
{{Main|Killswitch (film)}}
In October 2014, ''Killswitch'', a film featuring Lawrence Lessig, as well as [[Aaron Swartz]], [[Tim Wu]], and [[Edward Snowden]] received its World Premiere at the [[Woodstock Film Festival]], where it won the award for Best Editing. In the film, Lessig frames the story of two young hacktivists, Swartz and Snowden, who symbolize the disruptive and dynamic nature of the Internet. The film reveals the emotional bond between Lessig and Swartz, and how it was Swartz (the mentee) who challenged Lessig (the mentor) to engage in the political activism that has led to Lessig's crusade for [[Campaign finance reform in the United States|campaign finance reform]].<ref name="metro">{{cite news |last1=von Busack |first1=Richard |title=Breaking the Internet: Killswitch Screens at Cinequest |url=http://www.metroactive.com/features/cinequest-2015/Killswitch-Edward-Snowden.html |date=February 25, 2014 |access-date=February 25, 2015 |newspaper=Metro Silicon Valley |archive-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916122214/http://www.metroactive.com/features/cinequest-2015/Killswitch-Edward-Snowden.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ocreg">{{cite news |last1=Swegles |first1=Fred |title=Battle for Internet Control Fuels O.C. -produced Movie |url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/film-657978-internet-big.html/ |date=April 14, 2015 |access-date=April 16, 2015 |newspaper=Orange County Register |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404084902/http://www.ocregister.com/articles/film-657978-internet-big.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2015, ''Killswitch'' was invited to be screened at the Capitol Visitor's Center in Washington, D.C., by Congressman [[Alan Grayson]]. The event was held on the eve of the Federal Communications Commission's historic decision on [[Net Neutrality]]. Lessig, Congressman Grayson, and [[Free Press (advocacy group)|Free Press]] CEO Craig Aaron spoke about the importance of protecting net neutrality and the free and open Internet.<ref name="house1">{{cite news |last1=Grayson |first1=Alan |title=Grayson Screen Award Winning "Killswitch" Documentary |url=http://grayson.house.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/330-grayson-screens-award-winning-killswitch-documentary |access-date=February 23, 2015 |publisher=Congressman Grayson's House of Rep Official Web Page |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227162553/http://grayson.house.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/330-grayson-screens-award-winning-killswitch-documentary |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Price That You Pay for Rocking The Boat |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-alan-grayson/aaron-swartz-killswitch_b_6957576.html |access-date=March 27, 2015 |work=Huffington Post |archive-date=March 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328190515/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-alan-grayson/aaron-swartz-killswitch_b_6957576.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Congressman Grayson states that Killswitch is "One of the most honest accounts of the battle to control the Internet -- and access to information itself."<ref name="house1"/> [[Richard von Busack]] of the [[Metro Silicon Valley]], writes of ''Killswitch'', "Some of the most lapidary use of found footage this side of The Atomic Café".<ref name="metro"/> Fred Swegles of the [[Orange County Register]], remarks, "Anyone who values unfettered access to online information is apt to be captivated by ''Killswitch'', a gripping and fast-paced documentary."<ref name="ocreg"/> Kathy Gill of [[GeekWire]] asserts that "''Killswitch'' is much more than a dry recitation of technical history. Director Ali Akbarzadeh, producer Jeff Horn, and writer Chris Dollar created a human centered story. A large part of that connection comes from Lessig and his relationship with Swartz."<ref name="geekwire.com">{{cite news|last1=Gill|first1=Kathy|title=Lawrence Lessig at 'Killswitch' Seattle Premiere: Money, Politics, and the Battle for the Internet|url=http://www.geekwire.com/2015/lawrence-lessig-seattle-money-politics-battle-internet/|access-date=June 5, 2015|agency=GeekWire|archive-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606032216/http://www.geekwire.com/2015/lawrence-lessig-seattle-money-politics-battle-internet/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== The Electors Trust ===
In December 2016 Lawrence Lessig and [[Laurence Tribe]] established [[The Electors Trust]] under the aegis of [[Equal Citizens|EqualCitizens.US]] to provide [[pro bono]] legal counsel as well as a secure communications platform for those of the [[List of United States presidential electors, 2016|538 members]] of the [[United States Electoral College]] regarding a [[faithless elector|vote of conscience]] against [[Donald Trump]] in the [[2016 United States presidential election|presidential election]].<ref name="The Electors Trust">{{Cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/larry-lessig-electors-trump-232231|title=Lessig, lawyers to offer support to anti-Trump electors|last=Cheney|first=Kyle|work=Politico|date=December 5, 2016|access-date=January 25, 2017|archive-date=December 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220090025/http://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/larry-lessig-electors-trump-232231|url-status=live}}</ref>

Lessig hosts the podcast "Another Way" in conjunction with [[The Young Turks]] Network.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tyt.com/shows/another-way |title=Another Way by Lawrence Lessig - TYT.com |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808064744/https://tyt.com/shows/another-way |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Artificial intelligence ===
Lessig came out in favor of a "right to warn" proposed by former [[OpenAI]] employees that would protect their right to warn the public of the [[Existential risk from artificial general intelligence|catastrophic risks of AI]]. Lessig also agreed to work pro bono in defense of the whistleblowers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lessig |first=Lawrence |date=2024-06-06 |title=Opinion: The risks of AI could be catastrophic. We should empower company workers to warn us |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/06/opinions/artificial-intelligence-risks-chat-gpt-lessig/index.html |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuel |first=Sigal |date=2024-06-05 |title=OpenAI insiders are demanding a "right to warn" the public |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/353933/openai-open-letter-safety-whistleblowers-right-to-warn |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Vox |language=en-US}}</ref>

In August 2024, Lessig co-authored a letter alongside AI researchers [[Yoshua Bengio]], [[Geoffrey Hinton]], and [[Stuart J. Russell|Stuart Russell]] in favor of [[Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier Artificial Intelligence Models Act|SB 1047]], a California AI safety bill that would require companies training the most powerful models to perform risk assessments on their models before release. The letter argued that the bill would be a first step towards mitigating the severe risks posed by AI, and "the bare minimum for effective regulation of this technology". Lessig said that [[Gavin Newsom]], the Governor of California, would have the opportunity to "cement California as a national first-mover in regulating AI."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Pillay |first1=Tharin |last2=Booth |first2=Harry |date=2024-08-07 |title=Exclusive: Renowned Experts Pen Support for California's Landmark AI Safety Bill |url=https://time.com/7008947/california-ai-bill-letter/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=California's AI bill is sparking fierce debate in Silicon Valley |url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2024/08/14/california-s-ai-bill-headed-sparking-fierce-debate-silicon-valley |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=The Drum}}</ref>