Editing Learning (section)

==== Sensitization ====
{{Main|Sensitization}}
''Sensitization'' is an example of non-associative learning in which the progressive amplification of a response follows repeated administrations of a [[stimulation|stimulus]].<ref>Shettleworth, S. J. (2010). Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford.</ref> This is based on the notion that a defensive reflex to a stimulus such as withdrawal or escape becomes stronger after the exposure to a different harmful or threatening stimulus.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Neurosciences – From Molecule to Behavior|last1=Galizia|first1=Giovanni|last2=Lledo|first2=Pierre-Marie|publisher=Springer Spektrum|year=2013|isbn=978-3-642-10768-9|location=Heidelberg|page=578}}</ref> An everyday example of this mechanism is the repeated tonic stimulation of peripheral nerves that occurs if a person rubs their arm continuously. After a while, this stimulation creates a warm sensation that can eventually turn painful. This pain results from a progressively amplified synaptic response of the peripheral nerves. This sends a warning that the stimulation is harmful.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Woolf|first=Clifford J.|date=2018-02-27|title=Pain amplification-A perspective on the how, why, when, and where of central sensitization|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jabr.12124|journal=Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research|volume=23|issue=2|pages=e12124|doi=10.1111/jabr.12124|issn=1071-2089|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{clarify|date=January 2011}} Sensitization is thought to underlie both adaptive as well as maladaptive learning processes in the organism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bonne|first1=Omer|last2=Grillon|first2=Christian|last3=Vythilingam|first3=Meena|last4=Neumeister|first4=Alexander|last5=Charney|first5=Dennis S|date=March 2004|title=Adaptive and maladaptive psychobiological responses to severe psychological stress: implications for the discovery of novel pharmacotherapy|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.12.001|journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews|volume=28|issue=1|pages=65–94|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.12.001|pmid=15036934 |s2cid=23745725 |issn=0149-7634|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}