Editing Leonids (section)

===2000s===
Viewing campaigns resulted in spectacular footage from the 1999, 2001, and 2002 storms which produced up to 3,000 Leonid meteors per hour.<ref name="Meteor"/> Predictions for the Moon's Leonid impacts also noted that in 2000 the side of the Moon facing the stream was away from the Earth, but that impacts should be in number enough to raise a cloud of particles kicked off the Moon which could cause a detectable increase in the [[sodium tail of the Moon]].<ref name="LunLeo"/> Research using the explanation of meteor trails/streams have explained the storms of the past. The 1833 storm was not due to the recent passage of the comet, but from a direct impact with the previous 1800 dust trail.<ref>[http://www.arm.ac.uk/leonid/dust1833.html Armagh Observatory] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206225925/http://www.arm.ac.uk/leonid/dust1833.html |date=6 December 2006}} Leonid dust trail positions in 1833.</ref> The meteoroids from the 1733 passage of Comet Tempel-Tuttle resulted in the 1866 storm<ref>[http://www.arm.ac.uk/leonid/dust1866.html Leonid dust trail positions in 1866] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123225350/http://www.arm.ac.uk/leonid/dust1866.html |date=23 November 2009 }} Armagh Observatory</ref> and the 1966 storm was from the 1899 passage of the comet.<ref>[http://www.arm.ac.uk/leonid/dust1966.html Armagh Observatory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009023201/http://www.arm.ac.uk/leonid/dust1966.html |date=9 October 2006 }} Leonid dust trail positions in 1966</ref> The double spikes in Leonid activity in 2001 and in 2002 were due to the passage of the comet's dust ejected in 1767 and 1866.<ref>[http://www.meteorobs.org/lunar.html Meteor Orbs.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928082108/http://www.meteorobs.org/lunar.html |date=2006-09-28 }} Predictions & Observations of Lunar Meteor impacts</ref> This ground breaking work was soon applied to other meteor showers – for example the 2004 [[June Bootids]]. [[Peter Jenniskens]] has published predictions for the next 50 years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenniskens |first=P. |title=Meteor Showers and their Parent Comets |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-85349-1 }}</ref> However, a close encounter with [[Jupiter]] is expected to perturb the comet's path, and many streams, making storms of historic magnitude unlikely for many decades. Recent work tries to take into account the roles of differences in parent bodies and the specifics of their orbits, ejection velocities off the solid mass of the core of a comet, [[radiation pressure]] from the Sun, the [[Poynting–Robertson effect]], and the [[Yarkovsky effect]] on the particles of different sizes and rates of rotation to explain differences between meteor showers in terms of being predominantly fireballs or small meteors.<ref name="BrownThesis"/>

{| style="margin:auto;" | class="wikitable"
! width="10%" | Year
! width="15%" | Leonids active between
! width="65%" | Peak of shower
! width="10%" | [[Zenithal Hourly Rate|ZHR<sub>max</sub>]]
|-
| align="center"|2006
| align="center"|
| 19 Nov. Outburst of ZHR=35–40 was predicted from the 1932 trail.<ref name=Maslov/>
| align="center"|78<ref name=IMO2006>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imo.net/live/leonids2006/#peak|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013131705/http://imo.net/live/leonids2006/|url-status=dead|title=Leonids 2006: Morning of 19 November|archive-date=13 October 2012|access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2007
| align="center"|
| 19 Nov. Outburst of ZHR=~30 from the 1932 trail was predicted for 18 Nov.<ref name=Maslov/>
| align="center"|35<ref name=IMO2007>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imo.net/live/leonids2007/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013134026/http://imo.net/live/leonids2007/|url-status=dead|title=Leonids 2007: visual data quicklook|archive-date=13 October 2012|access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2008
| align="center"|14–22 November
| 17 Nov.<ref name="Meteor">{{Cite web
  | title = Return of the Leonids
  | publisher = [[NASA]]
  | date = 4 Dec 2008
  | url = https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/04dec_leonids2009.htm
  | access-date = 2009-10-21
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091020190449/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/04dec_leonids2009.htm
  | archive-date = 20 October 2009
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref> Considerable outburst of ZHR=130 from the 1466 trail was predicted for 17 Nov.<ref name=Maslov/>
| align="center"|99<ref name=IMO2008>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imo.net/live/leonids2008/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013131729/http://imo.net/live/leonids2008/|url-status=dead|title=Leonids 2008: visual data quicklook|archive-date=13 October 2012|access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2009
| align="center"|10–21 November
| ZHR<sub>max</sub> ranging from 100<ref name="natgeo">{{Cite web
  | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/11/091116-leonids-meteor-shower-best-2009.html
  | title=Leonid Meteor Shower: Best Sky Show Tonight
  | author=Fazekas, Andrew
  | publisher=National Geographic News
  | date=16 November 2009
  | access-date=16 November 2009
  | archive-date=19 January 2017
  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119191351/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/11/091116-leonids-meteor-shower-best-2009.html
  | url-status=dead
  }}</ref><ref name="IMO">{{Cite web
  | title = IMO Meteor Shower Calendar 2009
  | publisher = The International Meteor Organization
  | date = 1997–2009
  | url = http://www.imo.net/calendar/2009#leo
  | access-date = 2009-10-21
  | archive-date = 9 February 2010
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100209060215/http://www.imo.net/calendar/2009#leo
  | url-status = live
  }}</ref> to over 500<ref name="Meteor" /><ref>{{cite news
  | title = Strong Leonid Meteor Shower Predicted for 2009
  | work = Space.com
  | date = 4 December 2008
  | url = http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/081204-leonids-meteor-shower-2009.html
  | access-date = 2009-10-22
  | archive-date = 17 August 2010
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100817154258/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/081204-leonids-meteor-shower-2009.html
  | url-status = live
  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
 |last        = Lopez
 |first       = Mike
 |title       = Watch Out for Leonids 2009 Meteor Shower
 |date        = 7 December 2008
 |url         = http://science.mikelopez.info/2008/12/07/watch-out-for-leonids-2009-meteor-shower/
 |access-date  = 2009-10-22
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090819115301/http://science.mikelopez.info/2008/12/07/watch-out-for-leonids-2009-meteor-shower/
 |archive-date = 19 August 2009
}}</ref> on 17 Nov. The peak was observed at predicted time.<ref name=IMO2009>{{Cite web | url=http://www.imo.net/live/leonids2009 | title=Leonids 2009: visual data quicklook | publisher=The International Meteor Organization | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119054421/http://www.imo.net/live/leonids2009/ | archive-date=2010-01-19 }}</ref>
| align="center"|79<ref name=IMO2009/>
|-
| align="center"|2010
| align="center"|10–23 November 
| 18 Nov
| align="center"|32±4<ref name=univ2015>{{cite news |last1=Dickinson |first1=David |title=From a Roar to a Purr: Prospects for the 2015 November Leonid Meteors |url=https://www.universetoday.com/123251/from-a-roar-to-a-purr-prospects-for-the-2015-november-leonid-meteors/ |agency=Universe Today |access-date=1 October 2021 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001211235/https://www.universetoday.com/123251/from-a-roar-to-a-purr-prospects-for-the-2015-november-leonid-meteors/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=IMO2010>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imo.net/live/leonids2010/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127105159/http://imo.net/live/leonids2010/|url-status=dead|title=Leonids 2010: visual data quicklook|archive-date=27 November 2012|access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2011
| align="center"|6–30 November
| 18 Nov
| align="center"|22±3<ref name=univ2015/><ref name=IMO2011>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imo.net/live/leonids2011/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031161949/http://imo.net/live/leonids2011/|url-status=dead|title=Leonids 2011: visual data quicklook|archive-date=31 October 2012|access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2012
| align="center"|6–30 November
| 20 Nov. Nov 17 ZHR=5–10 (''predicted'') / 20 Nov ZHR=10–15 (''predicted'' from 1400 trail)<ref name=Maslov/>
| align="center"|47±11<ref name=univ2015/><ref name=IMO2012>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imo.net/live/leonids2012/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219015552/http://imo.net/live/leonids2012/|url-status=dead|title=Leonids 2012: visual data quicklook|archive-date=19 December 2012|access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2013
| align="center"|15–20 November
| 17 Nov but was washed out by a [[Full moon]] on 17 Nov
| align="center"|–
|-
| align="center"|2014
| align="center"|6–30 November
| 18 Nov
| align="center"|15±4<ref name=univ2015/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Anderson|first=Janet|date=14 November 2014|title=Brilliant Leonids Meteor Shower Peak Occurs Morning of Nov. 18|url=https://www.nasa.gov/watchtheskies/leonid-meteor-shower-nov2014.html|agency=NASA|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407112259/https://www.nasa.gov/watchtheskies/leonid-meteor-shower-nov2014.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2015
| align="center"|6–30 November
| 18 Nov<ref name=univ2015/>
| align="center"|15<ref>{{cite news |title=Meteor Showers 2015 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/beta/jpl/asteroids/best-meteor-showers |agency=NASA |access-date=4 October 2021 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004011131/https://www.nasa.gov/beta/jpl/asteroids/best-meteor-showers/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2016
| align="center"|6–30 November
| 17 Nov<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Joe |title=Leonid Meteor Shower Peaks This Week: Here's What to Expect |url=https://www.space.com/34734-leonid-meteor-shower-2016-peaks-now.html |agency=Space.com |access-date=1 October 2021 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001211236/https://www.space.com/34734-leonid-meteor-shower-2016-peaks-now.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| align="center"|10–15<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dickinson |first1=David |title=When good showers turn bad—the 2016 Leonids |url=https://www.universetoday.com/131915/good-showers-turn-bad-2016-leonids/ |agency=Universe Today |access-date=1 October 2021 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105221129/https://www.universetoday.com/131915/good-showers-turn-bad-2016-leonids/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2017
| align="center"|6–30 November
| 17 Nov<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Joe |title=See the 2017 Leonid Meteor Shower at Its Peak: What to Expect |url=https://www.space.com/38804-leonid-meteor-shower-2017-peaks-now.html |agency=Space.com |access-date=1 October 2021 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001212738/https://www.space.com/38804-leonid-meteor-shower-2017-peaks-now.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| align="center"|~17<ref>{{cite web |last1=Miskotte |first1=Koen |title=The Leonids during the off season period part 1. 2017: a small outburst! |url=https://www.meteornews.net/2018/05/19/the-leonids-during-the-off-season-period-part-1-2017-a-small-outburst/ |website=Meteor News |date=19 May 2018 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002211028/https://www.meteornews.net/2018/05/19/the-leonids-during-the-off-season-period-part-1-2017-a-small-outburst/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2018
| align="center"|6–30 November
| 17 Nov<ref>{{cite news |last1=Antier |first1=Karl |title=Observing 2018 Leonids |url=https://www.imo.net/observing-2018-leonids/ |agency=IMO |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002211025/https://www.imo.net/observing-2018-leonids/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| align="center"|15–20<ref>{{cite news |title=How to watch the Leonids, a dazzling meteor shower coming this weekend |url=https://6abc.com/science/look-up-this-weekend-for-a-glimpse-of-the-leonid-meteor-shower/4696856/ |agency=6abc |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002211021/https://6abc.com/science/look-up-this-weekend-for-a-glimpse-of-the-leonid-meteor-shower/4696856/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2019
| align="center"|6–30 November
| 17 Nov
| align="center"|10–15<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Joe |title=The Leonid Meteor Shower 2019 Is Peaking Now: Here's What to Expect |url=https://www.space.com/leonid-meteor-shower-2019-what-to-expect.html |agency=Space.com |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002211042/https://www.space.com/leonid-meteor-shower-2019-what-to-expect.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2020
| align="center"|6–30 November
| 17 Nov
| align="center"|10–15<ref>{{cite news |last1=Newcomb |first1=Alyssa |title=The Leonid meteor shower is coming — here's when and how to watch |url=https://www.today.com/news/leonid-meteor-shower-2020-what-it-how-watch-it-t197160 |agency=Today |access-date=4 October 2021 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004011147/https://www.today.com/news/leonid-meteor-shower-2020-what-it-how-watch-it-t197160 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2021
| align="center"|6–30 November
| 17 Nov<ref>{{cite web|title=Meteor shower calendar 2021-2022|url=https://www.amsmeteors.org/meteor-showers/meteor-shower-calendar/|url-status=live|access-date=10 June 2021|publisher=American Meteor Society|archive-date=21 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121120159/http://www.amsmeteors.org/showers.html}}</ref>
| align="center"|10–15<ref>{{cite news |last1=Byrd |first1=Deborah |title=Leonid meteor shower 2021: What you need to know |url=https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/everything-you-need-to-know-leonid-meteor-shower/ |agency=EarthSky |access-date=4 October 2021 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004011128/https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/everything-you-need-to-know-leonid-meteor-shower/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2022
| align="center"|17-21 November
| 17 Nov (there was a low possibility of an outburst from the 1733 meteoroid stream on 19 November)
| align="center"|15 (predicted) - 300 (unlikely)<ref name="FuturePredictions2021-2030">{{cite web|last1=Mikhail|first1=Maslov|title=Leonids 2021-2030|url=http://feraj.ru/Radiants/Predictions/1901-2100eng/Leo2021-2030eng.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610102748/http://feraj.ru/Radiants/Predictions/1901-2100eng/Leo2021-2030eng.html}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2023
| align="center"|3 Nov - 2 Dec
| 17 Nov (a modest increase is possible from the 1767 meteoroid stream on 21 November)<ref name="FuturePredictions2021-2030"/>
| align="center"|15 (predicted)<ref name="FuturePredictions2021-2030" />
|-
| align="center"|2024
| align="center"|
| 17 Nov
| align="center"|15–20 (predicted)<ref name="FuturePredictions2021-2030" />
|-
| align="center"|2025
| align="center"|
| 17 Nov (any outburst is likely to be from the 1699 meteoroid stream) 
| align="center"|10–15 (predicted)<ref name="FuturePredictions2021-2030" />
|-
| align="center"|2026
| align="center"|
| 17 Nov
| align="center"|15 (predicted)<ref name="FuturePredictions2021-2030" />
|-
| align="center"|2027
| align="center"|
| 17 Nov (possible activity from 1167 meteoroid stream on 20 November)
| align="center"|40–50 (predicted)<ref name="FuturePredictions2021-2030" />
|-
| align="center"|2028
| align="center"|
| 17 Nov
| align="center"|30–40 (predicted)<ref name="FuturePredictions2021-2030" />
|-
| align="center"|2029
| align="center"|
| 17 Nov (possible activity from 1998 meteoroid stream)
| align="center"|30–40 (predicted)<ref name="FuturePredictions2021-2030" />
|-
| align="center"|2030
| align="center"|
| 17 Nov
| align="center"|15-20 (predicted)<ref name="FuturePredictions2021-2030" />
|-
| align="center"|2031
| align="center"|
| 17 Nov
| align="center"|<10 (predicted)<ref name="FuturePredictions1901-2100">{{cite web|last1=Mikhail|first1=Maslov|title=Leonids 1901-2100|url=http://feraj.ru/Radiants/Predictions/1901-2100eng/Leonids1901-2100eng.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117055048/http://feraj.ru/Radiants/Predictions/1901-2100eng/Leonids1901-2100eng.html}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"|2032
| align="center"|
| 17 Nov
| align="center"|<10 (predicted)<ref name="FuturePredictions1901-2100" />
|-
| align="center"|2033
| align="center"|
| 17 Nov (Outburst likely from 1899 meteoroid stream. Encountering a younger stream typically generates more activity.)
| align="center"|35-400 (predicted)<ref name="FuturePredictions1901-2100" />
|-
| align="center"|2034
| align="center"|
| 17–18 Nov (probable outburst from the young 1932 meteoroid stream on 18 November)
| align="center"|40–500 (predicted)<ref name="FuturePredictions1901-2100" />
|-
| align="center"|2061
| align="center"|
| (Possible outburst from the young 1998 meteoroid stream on 19 November)
| align="center"|50 (predicted) – 5100 (unlikely)<ref name="FuturePredictions1901-2100" />
|-
| align="center"|2099
| align="center"|
| (Possible outburst from dense stream)<ref name="AMS-calendar">{{cite web
  |title=Meteor Shower Calendar 2022-2023
  |publisher=[[American Meteor Society]] (AMS)
  |url=https://www.amsmeteors.org/meteor-showers/meteor-shower-calendar/#Leonids
  |accessdate=2023-09-09}}</ref>
| align="center"|1000+?

|}

Predictions until the end of the 21st century have been published by Mikhail Maslov.<ref name=Maslov>{{Citation | last = Maslov | first = Mikhail | title = Leonid predictions for the period 2001–2100 | journal = WGN, Journal of the International Meteor Organization | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–12 | date = 2007 |bibcode = 2007JIMO...35....5M }}; also see {{Cite web | publisher = M. Maslov webpage | title = Leonids 1901–2100 | url = http://feraj.ru/Radiants/Predictions/1901-2100eng/Leonids1901-2100eng.html | access-date = 28 September 2016 | archive-date = 1 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161001183832/http://feraj.ru/Radiants/Predictions/1901-2100eng/Leonids1901-2100eng.html | url-status = live }}</ref>