Editing Line of Control (section)

=== Ceasefire violations ===
In 2018, two corps and a number of battalions of the [[Border Security Force]] manned the Indian side of the LoC.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=109}} The [[X Corps (Pakistan)|Rawalpindi Corps]] manned the Pakistani side.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=109}} Ceasefire violations (CFV's) are initiated and committed by both sides and show a symmetry.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=145}}{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=86}} The response to a CFV at one location can lead to shooting at an entirely different area.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=85}} Weapons used on the LoC include small arms, [[rocket-propelled grenades]], [[recoilless rifles]], [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], [[automatic grenade launchers]], rocket launchers and a number of other direct and indirect weaponry.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=18}} Military personnel on both sides risk being shot by snipers in moving vehicles, through bunker peepholes and during meals.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=82}} 

The civilian population at the LoC, at some points ahead of the forward most post, has complicated the situation.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=113}} Shelling and firing by both sides along the LoC has resulted in civilian deaths.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=96, 100}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=25 December 2017|title=3 Pakistani soldiers martyred in 'unprovoked' cross-LoC firing by Indian army: ISPR|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1378789|url-status=live|access-date=30 August 2021|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN]]|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830022349/https://www.dawn.com/news/1378789}}</ref> Bunkers have been constructed for these civilian populations for protection during periods of CFV's.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 February 2021|title=J&K completes 84% of underground bunkers along LoC to protect residents during border shelling|work=[[ThePrint]]|agency=PTI|url=https://theprint.in/defence/jk-completes-84-of-underground-bunkers-along-loc-to-protect-residents-during-border-shelling/600614/|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212011812/https://theprint.in/defence/jk-completes-84-of-underground-bunkers-along-loc-to-protect-residents-during-border-shelling/600614/|url-status=live}}</ref> India and Pakistan usually report only casualties on their own sides of the LoC,{{Sfn|Zakaria|2018|p=xxiv-xxv}} with the media blaming the other side for the firing and each side claiming an adequate retaliation.{{Sfn|Zakaria|2018|pp=17–18}}

According to Happymon Jacob, the reasons for CFVs along the LoC include{{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=152–153}} operational reasons (defence construction like observation facilities, the rule of the gun, lack of bilateral mechanisms for border management, personality traits and the emotional state of soldiers and commanders),{{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=158–180}} politico-strategic reasons,{{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=181–187}} proportional response (land grab, sniping triggered, "I am better than you", revenge firing),{{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=187–202}} accidental CFVs (civilian related, lack of clarity where the line is){{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=207–212}} and other reasons (like testing the new boys, honour, prestige and humiliation, fun, gamesmanship).{{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=202–207}} Jacob ranks operational reasons as the main cause for CFVs, followed by retributive and politico-strategic reasons .{{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=152–153}}